International Seminar on Syariah and Law (INSLA)
International Seminar on Syariah and Law (INSLA) has been held by the Faculty of Syariah and Law (FSU), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) since 2010. To enhance its visibility and be globally recognised, INSLA E-Proceedings (compilation of the seminar papers) are now available online through this OJS publication system. INSLA E-Proceedings also publishes compilations of academic papers with special themes. يُعقد المؤتمر العالمي في الشريعة والقانون من قِبل كلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة العلوم الإسلامية الماليزية منذ عام 2010 م لأجل تعزيز ظهورها والاعتراف بها عالميًا. ومجموعة مقالات المؤتمر متوفرة حاليا للمشاركين والقراء عبر الإنترنت من خلال نظام نشر المجلات المفتوحة. وسيتمّ نشر مجموعات الأوراق الأكاديمية ذات الموضوعات الخاصة كذلك في هذا الموقع Indexed by Google Scholar
Copyright (c) 2020 International Seminar on Syariah and Law (INSLA)
REINTERPRETATION TO BALANCE IN INHERITANCE DISTRIBUTION ON BILATERAL KINSHIP IN ACEH
The study aims at describing inheritance distribution among Acehnese, balance in inheritance distribution, and reinterpretation to balance in inheritance distribution in a society with bilateral kinship system. This research is a normative research with a juridical approach, with a focus on studies in three locations; Pidie, North Aceh and South Aceh, with primary and secondary data sources, then analyzed descriptive analytic. The results indicate that inheritance law among Acehnese is mainly based on faraid (inheritance distribution) law. Nevertheless, in its development and implementation, there are cases in which the distribution is a result of familial agreement. In general, both male and female heirs have the same rights in inheritance distribution—a common character in bilateral kinship. In the distribution of assets, it was found that Hareuta Peunulang's assets were found, these assets could later be counted as an inheritance. In Acehnese perspective especially in South Aceh, local tradition can decide the position of inheritance and the role of ninik mamak (respected elders), similar to Minangkabau’s tradition which adheres to matrilineal kinship. It indicates a tendency among Acehnese to adopt matrilineal system, even though it mainly relies on bilateral system. In maqasid sharia’s viewpoint, waqf aims at preserving the wellbeing of waqif’s offspring. Acehnese inheritance law is actually in-line with Aristotle's Theory of Justice, in which fairness is a situation where people should apply rules the same and treat similar cases alike.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SECURE LAND TENURE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAQASID AS-SHARIAH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Land represents one of the key resources of wealth for a country with economic, social and environmental dimension. Inevitably, security of land tenure and dealings is vital in managing land resources as a trust from the Almighty to humankind. In view of this, Islam considers protection of property and wealth as one of the five fundamentals of shariah or the maqasid as-shariah. Similarly, the significance of secure land tenure for sustainable development has been acknowledged by the United Nations. This paper seeks to examine the advantages of safeguarding land tenure to the economic and social well-being as well as repercussions from failure to uphold the same particularly in facing the pandemic of covid-19. The research employs doctrinal approach. The findings of this paper suggest that the government has to play proactive role in ensuring land tenure and dealings are guaranteed and protected by enhancing the legislative framework of land administration system in Malaysia.
KEPENTINGAN PENGURUSAN HARTA DAN URUS PUSAKA DI MALAYSIA DARI PERSPEKTIF PERUNDANGAN DAN MAQASID SYARIAH
This article discusses the importance of administration of estates from legal and Maqasid Syariah perspectives. The current facts show high numbers of deceased estates worth millions of ringgit that are not properly managed, and this scenario could lead to inefficacy in helping the economic growth of the country. Fraud cases involving estates that are also frequently highlighted in the mass media indicates low level of public awareness in understanding the importance of estates administration. The research methodology involves literature studies, relevant articles, library research, expert’s opinion from related government and non-governmental agencies. All the inputs are gathered in outlining practical solutions to the highlighted issues that are in line with the requirements of Maqasid Syariah in preserving property. Abstrak Artikel ini membincangkan kepentingan mengurus harta dan urus pusaka dari perspektif perundangan dan Maqasid Syariah. Fakta menunjukkan bahawa terdapat sejumlah harta peninggalan si mati yang bernilai jutaan ringgit terabai dan tidak diuruskan secara baik. Hal ini turut menyumbang kepada lambakan harta pusaka yang tidak bernilai dan bermanfaat kepada ahli keluarga atau waris. Harta pusaka yang tidak diuruskan secara baik ini turut dilihat sebagai tidak mampu menyumbang kepada pembangunan ekonomi negara. Di samping itu, terdapat isu-isu penipuan harta pusaka yang sering dibangkitkan di media massa yang merupakan indikasi tahap kesedaran yang rendah dalam memahami akan kepentingan pengurusan harta termasuk harta pusaka. Selain daripada kajian literatur, penulisan ahli akademik berkaitan, kajian kepustakaan, kajian melalui pengalaman agensi kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan yang menguruskan harta pusaka telah dilaksanakan dalam menggariskan beberapa solusi yang praktikal dan cadangan pengurusan harta pusaka yang bertepatan dengan kehendak Maqasid Syariah dalam memelihara harta.
HANDLING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERPETRATOR FROM LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
In Malaysia, Domestic Violence Act 1984 is a piece of legislation that can provide civil protection in a domestic setting. When a case of abuse is committed by a perpetrator to one of the family members, this law may apply. This paper discusses the extent to which the Domestic Violence Act can provide protection to the victim as well as prevent the perpetrator from further harassing or abusing the victim. It also elaborates on the insight relating to the law on handling the perpetrator of domestic violence. It discusses the protection orders available for victims in order to safeguard themselves from further abuse and violence of the perpetrator. The recently developed Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2017 is referred for this purpose.
WHAT THE WORLD CAN TEACH MALAYSIA IN BUILDING BETTER CHILD CARE SETTINGS
This paper analyses the international experiences of various jurisdictions that may be taken as lessons for Malaysia. The discussion touches on the feasibility of making international comparisons in child care settings, in order to enhance the quality of child care settings in terms of laws and regulations. Experiences from other countries are scrutinised here in order to take lessons from these countries. Looking into child care in the prisms of international perspectives will assist Malaysia in improving and developing the Malaysian child care, specifically on laws and regulations. The paper aims to present experiences from other countries, which can be a valuable reference for Malaysia to work on improving the Malaysian child care legislative framework.
THE NEW NORMS FOR HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TIME OF COVID-19: MALAYSIAN LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Many countries, including Malaysia, have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic which was newly discovered at the end of 2019. Malaysia is taking steps to enforce Movement Control Order starting March 2020 and, the latest is the enforcement of the Recovery Movement Control Order until the end of this year. Covid-19 poses new challenges to waste management whereby a failure in managing wastes in the time of facing this pandemic will cause adverse effects on public safety and health as well as the environment. Hence, the relevant authorities and the public should manage waste carefully and effectively. The households may generate household hazardous solid waste such as contaminated face masks or other household solid wastes during the pandemic which must be properly disposed of. By employing a library research method and interview, this paper discusses from the legal perspective, the new norms for household solid waste management in the time of Covid-19. The findings seem to suggest that the new norms in respect of the household are seen in terms of the increased practice of 3R and separation of waste and the implementation of Standard Operating Procedures in managing household solid waste by the relevant authorities. It is recommended that households should be provided with a comprehensive guideline on household solid waste management during the pandemic of Covid-19.
HALAL INDUSTRY AND ISLAMIC FINANCE INSTITUTION’S ROLE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Halal industry can be defined as goods and services that follow the Shariah rules or Islamic-law guidelines from the start until the end of the process include pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, services like transportation and logistics, banking and finance. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions and opinion on dealing with issues and challenges in halal industry as well as to determine the issues and challenges in halal industry and to know the role of Islamic finance institution to enhance halal industry. This study utilised qualitative method by using document analysis and interview instruments to gain related information. The results of this study show that Islamic finance institution brings big responsibility in the development of halal industry because there are many products of Islamic finance institution that can be used in the halal industry like mudharabah,musharakah, salam,and tawarruq. Thus, with the combination of both of this sector will help the growth of economy mostly for Muslim. This paper determine the issues and challenges facing by halal industry as well as its suggestions on dealing with the issues and identifying the role of Islamic finance institution in the growth of halal industry, like tawarruq which will open the door for investor from Muslim and non-Muslim to invest in the halal industry, which the financial system is complying with Shariah and halal ecosystem will be created.
PENDAPATAN GARIS KEMISKINAN (PGK) 2019 DAN HAD KIFAYAH MAIWP: SATU TINJAUAN PERBANDINGAN
On July 2020, Malaysia announced the new level of Poverty Line Income (PLI) 2019 to RM2208 as compared to RM980 a month which has been used since 2005. This newly revised PLI is expected to increase the national level of poverty rate and cause changes in threshold value of aid agencies including zakat institutions.This paper generally look into the comparison of the elements within PLI 2019 and MAIWP’s Had Kifayah by using the library research method. It is found that, eventhough the number of dimensions or components in both PLI and Had Kifayah are different, both share the main goal which is to enable households to achieve a minimum standard of living or a decent life. The threshold level set by PLI and the MAIWP’s Had Kifayah also does not prevent households from getting any aids from relevant agencies if they eligible for that. Based on discussion of this paper, MAIWP is recommended to also review its threshold of Had Kifayah so that it will in line with PGK 2019 on the basis of current living cost. Abstrak Pada Julai 2020, Malaysia telah mengumumkan semakan semula Pendapatan Garis Kemiskian (PGK) 2019 kepada para RM2208 sebulan berbanding RM980 yang telah digunakan sejak 2005. Paras terbaharu ini dijangka memberi impak dari segi peningkatan kadar kemiskinan nasionaldan perubahan kepada nilai ambang agensi-agensi pemberi bantuan termasuklah institusizakat. Makalah ini secara umumnya bertujuan untuk melihat perbandingan elemen-elemen yang dikirakan dalam PGK 2019 dan Had Kifayah MAIWP dalam menangani kemiskinan. Perbandingan ini dikajimelalui kaedah kajian kepustakaan. Didapati bahawa, biarpun bilangan dimensi atau komponen dalam kedua-kedua PGK dan had kifayah berbeza, namun kedua-duanya berkongsi matlamatsatuutama iaitu untuk membolehkan isirumah mencapai satu taraf hidup minimum yang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat setempat atau satu kehidupan wajar.Paras yang ditetapkan oleh PGK dan HadKifayah MAIWPjugatidak menghalang sesebuah isirumah untuk mendapatkan bantuan daripada agensi yang berkaitan sekiranya layak.Berdasarkan perbincangan kertas ini juga,disarankan bahawa had kifayah MAIWP untuk disemak semula selari dengan PGK 2019 berdasarkan kos sara hidup semasa.
JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICTS IN FACING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: AN ANALYSIS OF HIBAH CASES IN NEGERI SEMBILAN SYARIAH COURTS
In 2020, statistic reveals that a total number of 30 hibah cases have been registered in the Negeri Sembilan Syariah Courts. Interestingly, the total number of cases registered this year has decreased as compared to 51 cases for the previous year. This study analyses on the jurisdictions of the Syariah Courts in deciding hibah cases in Negeri Sembilan by taking into a consideration the recent outbreak of Covid-19. This study investigates the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the number of hibah cases brought before the Syariah Courts in the state of Negeri Sembilan. For this purpose, this study applies a doctrinal legal approach where the data collection is based on a library-based research and the statistical data collected from Negeri Sembilan Syariah Courts. Analysis was done on several important cases concerning the jurisdiction of the courts. This study discovers that the Covid-19 pandemic has an effect on the number of registered and resolved cases pertaining to hibah in Negeri Sembilan Syariah Courts. This study recommends that electronic method such as e-proceeding to be fully implemented so as to enable the public to access the court easily. It is hoped that findings of this study will shed light on the issue of jurisdictions concerning hibah and beneficial in providing clear and precise information on the jurisdiction of the Syariah Courts in deciding hibah matters.
SOROTAN LITERATUR KAJIAN PENENTUAN LIABILITI PEMBEKAL DAN PESAKIT DALAM RAWATAN BEKAM DARI PERSPEKTIF SYARIAH DAN UNDANG-UNDANG
The practice of traditional medicine has been in existence since time memorial and also one of the practices which had been practiced by our Prophet (p.b.u.h.). Various writings have been done related to cupping from the religious point of view. Meanwhile, there are various writings on the legal aspects of the treatment of traditional medicine in developed countries such as The United States of America, United Kingdom, and Australia. Still, there is no extensive study on the legal aspects of traditional medicine treatment in Malaysia,especially on cupping from the Syariah and legal perspective. This literature review analyses the critical literature related to the study of determining the provider’s liability in cupping treatment. This article used the library method and textual documents. This study found a gap in the determination of liability and the existence of such guidelines will protect the service providers of cupping if any negligence or incidents happen during the cupping treatment. This paper suggests that further research will be done to refine this matter. It is essential to all practitioners and patients receiving cupping therapy, whether in Syariah and legal perspective. Abstrak Amalan perubatan telah wujud sejak zaman-berzaman termasuklah bekam merupakan salah satu amalan yang telah diamalkan oleh Rasulullah (s.a.w.). Pelbagai penulisan yang telah dijalankan berkaitan bekam dari sudut pandangan agama Islam. Negara-negara maju seperti Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom dan Australia telah mempunyai pelbagai panduan dari segi aspek perundangan perubatan tradisional. Namun, masih belum ada lagi kajian yang menyeluruh mengenai aspek perundangan Syariah dan sivil bagi rawatan bekam. Sorotan keperpustakaan ini merujuk kepada aspek perundangan mengenai amalan bekam dari perspektif Syariah dan undang-undang. Sorotan ini menganalisis literatur-literatur penting berkaitan kajian penentuan liabiliti pembekam dalam rawatan bekam. Sorotan ini telah menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan dan juga dokumentasi. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat kelompongan dalam penentuan liabiliti dan pewujudan garis panduan tersebut akan melindungi penyedia perkhidmatan bekam sekiranya sebarang kemalangan berlaku. Makalah ini mencadangkan agar kajian lanjutan dilakukan bagi memperhalusi perkara ini. Ia penting agar kepentingan semua pihak, pemberi dan penerima khidmat bekam dapat dijaga, sama ada dari perspektif Syariah dan juga undang-undang.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA: SAFEGUARDING CITIZENS' CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE OF A PANDEMIC
Since the coronavirus's announcementthat COVID-19 is a pandemic, there are concerns that this coronavirus pandemic will hurtall human life sectors. The health and economic sectors are the most vital, causing many countries worldwideto experience outbreaks,andit is difficult to avoid them. Many countries are not ready to face this pandemic, resultingin more casualties and an economic recession. However, amid the outbreak, it turns out that there is still a country that can survive,and one of the factors that cause this country to survive is law enforcement.The process is carried out optimally and is supported by law enforcement officials who are also professional, independent and with integrity. In this study, the author will discuss the extent to which the Indonesian Constitutional Court's roleas the guardian of the constitution in safeguarding the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens and providing legal certainty amid a pandemic.
ISSUE OF THE APPLICATION MUZARA’AH CONTRACT IN INDONESIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED SOLUTION
Indonesia is an archipelago country known for its richness of natural resources. Plants, animals, and a vital commodity in Indonesian soil. The Equator across the zone of Indonesia makes it prolific. Its fertile land along with a stable climate makes much Indonesian use it for farming. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the number of Indonesian populations within 34 provinces work as a farmer in 2016 is 35.088.823. That is to say, the prosperity of more than 35 million population of Indonesia is in the agricultural sector. This number is a great amount that has exclusive attention from the government. The agricultural sector is highly influential to food commodity and becomes the main resource of income in a developing country. Agriculture problem that is faced nowadays is various from field quantity reduction, limited access to business service especially in funding, unproper harvest distribution, and unpredictable environment condition like weather nor climate. Muzara’ah becomes an alternative source of sharia-based financing and has an advantage in fund payment liberation, employment (cultivator), maximizing unmaintained field, incorporate potential within each side intended to prosper according to the deal. Muzara’ah in the agricultural sector is crucial to be applied considering Indonesian and the majority of the Asian community in Southeast Asia is land worker or cultivator.
BALANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PRESERVATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DURING MOVEMENT CONTROL ORDER: THE MALAYSIAN EXPERIENCE IN OVERCOMING THE IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The spread of Covid-19 pandemic across the globe has triggered many countries to implement lockdown to break the chain of infection. Malaysia, like many other countries in the world, has implemented movement control order (MCO) in various stages starting on 18th March 2020 to overcome the pandemic. During this MCO period, almost every day-to-day activity has been restricted. Employees were forced to work from home, schools and universities were closed and most business activities have also been shut down. The MCO was implemented as a reflection to the government’s role to preserve public health and the right to life of its citizen. Nevertheless, the implementation of MCO has also affected the growth of Malaysian economy. This paper aims at exploring the efforts by Malaysian authorities in balancing the country’s economic growth and preserving the public health and human rights of its citizen. For this purpose, qualitative method has been used in which various primary and secondary sources have been examined. This will explore the actions taken by the government in overcoming Covid-19 pandemic as well as to overcome the economic downturn due to this pandemic. The preliminary finding from this paper indicates that, the Government of Malaysia has played its role and discharged its duty to respect, protect, and fulfil human rights of its people while addressing the Covid-19 impact. The government has used its discretion to restrict certain rights to maintain public health. At the same time, a number of stimulus packages targeted to certain affected groups have also been introduced to help reduce the burden of economic impact due to this pandemic as well as to sustain the economic growth of the country.
COMPARISON BETWEEN DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ISLAMIC LAW: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE REALISATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC COURT OF JUSTICE
At present, there are several dispute resolution mechanisms that are available to resolve disputes between states. International law regards all states to be standing at an equal footing that makes state consent to be required in the dispute resolution process. Meanwhile, Islamic law presents dispute resolution as one tenet to achieve justice which is in line with the Shariah and the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) traditions. This article will describe and analyse the dispute resolution mechanisms in international law and Islamic law by focusing on the distinctive traits between these two. This is needed in order to evaluate suggestions on how to ensure the establishment of the International Islamic Court of Justice (IICJ) as a convenient forum for dispute resolution among Muslim States that was proposed by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1981 but has not been materialised until today. Using qualitative method and library-based research, primary and secondary sources from various sources are examined to provide a comparative analysis on the concept of dispute resolution in international law and Islamic law. The preliminary findings from this study suggest that in order to properly established the IICJ as a medium of settling the difference of views among the Muslim states, it must be encouraged that all Muslim states must ratify the Court’s Statute. The OIC must organise inclusive dialogues to explain the working of the Court particularly to its member states to make it workable in resolving disputes and achieve considerable results in preserving peace as well as securing justice between Muslim states.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
MYSEJAHTERA APP AND THE PRIVACY RIGHTS IN TIMES OF COVID 19: THE LEGAL AND SYARIAH PERSPECTIVES
The year of 2020 marks the most challenging year when a global health crisis due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. In Malaysia, the government took an approach by developing a contact-tracing application, known as MySejahtera to assist the government in managing the outbreaks and to enable the Ministry of Health to slow down the spread of the virus. Nevertheless, the technology has raised the data privacy concern where the app requires various users’ personal details to be inserted before the app can be used. Based on qualitative and doctrinal methods, this article examines whether the government can collect personal information of its citizens in times of pandemic, and to what extent such data should be protected. To do, this paper will be focusing on the invasion of the right to privacy by the government from the legal and Syariah perspectives. The finding suggests that in the time of pandemic COVID-19, it is legal for the government to collect confidential information of its citizens based on the concept of public interest (Maslahah ‘Ammah) grounded from the Syariah principle. Alternatively, it is vital to set the timeline and the data should be destroyed at a certain period. It concludes that the contact tracing apps is inevitable and as an essential tool in combating the outbreaks amidst privacy invasion.
KONSEP DAN APLIKASI FIQH DARURAT DALAM MENYELESAIKAN ISU-ISU FIQH SEMASA MENGHADAPI PENULARAN PANDEMIK COVID-19
Fiqh of Darurat has a dynamic role in resolving contemporary issues. This matter can be seen through the application of something that requires the concept of Fiqh of Darurat. The current issues related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to ijtihad of fiqh. Moreover, at the same time pandemics are diseases that are easily transmitted to each other. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to the Fiqh of Darurat and examine the extent of its role and explains the COVID-19 pandemic transmission system in ancient times. This paper aims to explain the concept of Darurat and its application to the problems of fiqh that arise during the transmission of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Also, examine this infectious disease from a historical aspect. The method used was qualitative of descriptive through literature review from primary and secondary sources. Next, the collected data will be analyzed to find a solution. The results of the study found that Fiqh of Darurat is conceptually a guide in resolving fiqh issues during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The implications of the application prove that fiqh issues can be addressed well through the Fiqh of Darurat. Abstrak Fiqh Darurat secara konsep mempunyai peranan yang dinamik dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu terkini. Hal ini, dapat dilihat melalui pengaplikasian ke atas sesuatu perkara yang memerlukan Fiqh Darurat. Isu-isu terkini yang berkaitan dengan penularan Pandemik COVID-19 telahpun membawa kepada ijtihad fiqh. Selain itu, pada masa yang sama Pandemik ini adalah penyakit yang mudah menular antara satu sama lain. Oleh itu, perlu merujuk kepada Fiqh Darurat dan meneliti sejauhmanakah peranannya tersebut. Juga menjelaskan sistem penularan Pandemik COVID-19 pada zaman dahulu. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan konsep Darurat dan aplikasinya terhadap permasalahan fiqh yang timbul ketika berlakunya penularan Pandemik COVID-19. Juga meneliti penyakit menular ini dari aspek sejarah. Kaedah yang digunakan adalah qualitatif deskriptif melalui kajian kepustakaan daripada sumber primer dan sekunder. Selanjutnya, data yang terkumpul akan dianalisis untuk mendapat jalan penyelesaian. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Fiqh Darurat secara konsep merupakan panduan dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu fiqh ketika penularan Pandemik COVID-19 berlaku. Implikasi kajian secara aplikasi membuktikan bahawa isu-isu fiqh dapat ditangani dengan baik melalui Fiqh Darurat.
KERANGKA PERUNDANGAN SERTU DALAM INDUSTRI HALAL DI MALAYSIA
Halal is now a symbol of quality, cleanliness and lifestyle of the community. Halal, which was previously synonymous with Muslims, has now begun to attract non-Muslims to use halal products or services. In order to obtain halal certification, the implementation of sertu has become one of the important requirements that must be met by medium and large industries in Malaysia. Although sertu is not a mandatory thing to do, companies need to establish standard operating procedures (SOPs) in writing related to sertu in the event of non-compliance with the sertu process (if applicable). This is outlined as one of the requirements in the Halal Security System (HAS) Malaysian Halal Management System 2019. In Malaysia, jurisdiction of Halal is under the state government. There are several issues arising in the legal and enforcement aspects of this implementation. This article aims to examine the legal framework in the halal industry in Malaysia. To achieve this goal, a qualitative study will be conducted, focusing on data collection methods by document analysis and face-to-face interviews. Findings from this study found that there is no specific legal framework at the moment and this can lead to confusion in implementing comprehensive monitoring in the context of halal certification. Procedures and parties that can implement the same process also need to be refined so as not to cause conflicts of interest to the parties involved. This study suggests that the authorities in halal certification can provide a clear and uniform sertu legal framework to avoid confusion in the implementation of sertu involving halal certification. In addition, it is recommended that specific guidelines for each halal scheme be improved because the requirements of each scheme are different. Abstrak Halal kini menjadi simbol kualiti, kebersihan dan gaya hidup masyarakat. Halal yang sebelum ini sinonim dengan Muslim, kini telah mula menarik perhatian orang bukan Islam untuk menggunakan produk atau servis halal. Bagi memperolehi pensijilan halal, pelaksanaan sertu menjadi salah satu keperluan penting yang perlu dipenuhi oleh industri sederhana dan besar di Malaysia. Walaupun sertu bukanlah sesuatu yang wajib dilakukan, syarikat perlu mewujudkan prosedur operasi standard (SOP) secara bertulis berkaitan sertu sebagai persediaan sekiranya berlaku ketidakakuran yang perlu kepada proses sertu (jika berkaitan) dan ini digariskan sebagai salah satu keperluan dalam Sistem Jaminan Halal (HAS) dan Sistem Pengurusan Halal Malaysia 2019. Di Malaysia, perundangan halal adalah di bawah bidangkuasa kerajaan negeri. Terdapat beberapa isu berbangkit dalam aspek perundangan dan penguatkuasaan pelaksaan sertu ini. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kerangka perundangan sertu dalam industri halal di Malaysia. Bagi mencapai tujuan ini, kajian secara kualitatif akan dilaksanakan, dengan menumpukan kepada kaedah pengumpulan data secara analisis dokumen dan temubual bersemuka. Dapatan daripada kajian ini mendapati tiada kerangka perundangan sertu secara khusus buat masa ini dan ini boleh mendatangkan kekeliruan dalam melaksanakan pemantauan secara menyeluruh dalam konteks pensijilan halal. Tatacara dan pihak-pihak yang boleh melaksanakan proses sertu juga perlu diperhalusi supaya tidak menimbulkan konflik kepentingan kepada pihak-pihak yang terlibat. Kajian ini mencadangkan agar pihak berotoriti dalam pensijilan halal dapat menyediakan satu kerangka perundangan sertu yang jelas dan seragam bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan dalam pelaksanaan sertu yang melibatkan pensijilan halal. Selain itu, dicadangkan supaya di tambahbaik garis panduan khusus bagi setiap skim halal kerana keperluan setiap skim adalah berbeza.
Coroner’s Preventive Role in Occupational and Industrial Calamities: A Fundamental Legal Review
This paper focuses on the coroner’s investigative role that relates to occupational death cases. Any death caused by industrial calamities occurred in the course of employment needs to be investigated thoroughly. The methodology used in this study is qualitative approach, which involves analysing data gathered through legislation, cases-law and official statistics; and comparative analysis with other jurisdictions. This research finds that the Malaysian occupational death investigation system needs to be reformed as the coronial institution is able to serve as an effective death investigator especially in giving recommendations for the prevention of future similar deaths.
APLIKASI KAEDAH-KAEDAH FIQH DALAM ISU-ISU SEMASA PANDEMIK COVID-19
The Covid-19 pandemic that hits the world today has killed more than a million victims and infected millions more. History will record this pandemic as the greatest catastrophe of the 21st century that has changed the structure of human life as never before. Various challenges are experienced by human beings during the disaster and they witness the beginning of what is known as the new norm in human life both individually and as a society. As a religion that is Syamil (complete) and salih (relevant) in all times and places, the teachings of Islam become a guide that can be used in facing all the challenges of the new era and provide answers and solutions to current issues of Pandemic Covid-19. This article discusses the application of the principles and methods of fiqh used as a guide and answers to various questions faced by society. The study uses a qualitative research methodology through library research by analyzing primary and secondary documents such as classical reference books (kutub turath), as well as academic writings in journals and articles. The findings of the study show that the principles of Islamic teachings gathered in the methods of fiqh (qawaid fiqhiyyah) become a reference in determining a law of issues that currently occur. This is proof that the elasticity of Islamic law is able to face various current issues that are constantly changing. The principles of thawabit (issues in Islamic law which remain unchanged) and mutaghayyirat (changable issues) are still taken into account as a basis of reference in Islamic law. Pandemik Covid-19 yang melanda dunia hari ini telah mengorbankan lebih sejuta mangsa meninggal dan menjangkiti jutaan lagi manusia. Sejarah akan mencatat musibah ini sebagai musibah terbesar abad 21 yang telah mengubah struktur kehidupan manusia yang belum pernah berlaku sebelum ini. Pelbagai cabaran dialami manusia semasa musibah berlaku dan bermula lah apa yang dikenali sebagai norma baharu dalam hidup manusia sama ada secara individu mahupun masyarakat. Sebagai agama yang Syamil (lengkap) dan salih likulli zaman wa makan (sesuai dengan segala zaman dan tempat), ajaran Islam (Syarak) menjadi panduan yang dapat digunapakai dalam mendepani segala cabaran era baharu dan memberi jawapan (solusi) bagi isu-isu semasa Pandemik Covid-19. Artikel ini membincangkan aplikasi prinsip-prinsip (kaedah) fiqh yang digunapakai sebagai panduan dan jawapan pelbagai persoalan yang dihadapi masyarakat. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kajian kualitatif iaitu menggunakan kajian perpustakaan dengan menganalisis dokumen primer dan sekundar seperti kitab rujukan (turath), serta penulisan akademik di dalam jurnal dan artikel. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa prinsip ajaran syarak yang terhimpun dalam kaedah fiqh menjadi rujukan dalam menentukan sesebuah hukum isu-isu yang berlaku. Ini menjadi bukti bahawa keanjalan hukum syarak mampu mendepani pelbagai isu semasa yang sentiasa berubah. Prinsip thawabit (yang kekal tidak berubah) dan mutaghayyirat (yang berubah) tetap diambil kira sebagai satu dasar rujukan dalam hukum hakam syarak.
Analisis Fatwa Air Sisa Kumbahan Dari Sumber Mutanajjis
The advancement of technology nowadays gives a huge impact on human well-being. One of it is the use of wastewater treatment technology to remove contaminants and convert it into effluents that can be reused for various purposes such as for agriculture, recreation, drinking water and also as new sources of energy. However, despite its various uses, the legal question arises regarding the status of treated water from sewage, whether it can be utilized according to Islamic ruling, as it comes from the source of mutanajjis and mustakmal water. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the fatwas related to the use of treated water from sewage in a few aspects which are changes that occur to it, from the original nature of unclean water (mutanajjis) to mustakmal or clean (mutlak). The methodology of this study is qualitative document analysis on the fatwas that have been issued. The findings of the study show that according to the fatwa, the treated wastewater is categorized as pure water (mutlaq water), due to the process of removing faeces, and maintaining the original nature of pure water. Thus, the water can be used for various purposes including as drinking water, as long as it is not harmful, since the water has returned to its original water properties. Kemajuan teknologi masakini memberi impak besar kepada kesejahteraan hidup manusia. Antaranya membabitkan teknologi rawatan air sisa kumbahan yang mampu memproses air kumbahan menjadi lebih bernilai untuk pelbagai kegunaan seperti untuk pertanian, rekreasi, air minuman dan sebagai sumber tenaga baharu. Meskipun memiliki pelbagai kegunaan, namun, timbul persoalan hukum mengenai status air terawat dari sisa kumbahan, adakah ia boleh dimanfaatkan, memandangkan ia berasal daripada sumber air mutanajjis dan air mustakmal. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fatwa-fatwa berkaitan penggunaan air terawat dari sisa kumbahan, dalam aspek perubahan yang berlaku terhadapnya, daripada sifat asal air yang najis (mutanajjis) kepada mustakmal ataupun bersih (mutlak). Metodologi kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif, menggunakan kaedah pengumpulan data secara analisis dokumen terhadap fatwa-fatwa yang telah dikeluarkan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa air sisa kumbahan yang telah dirawat, menurut fatwa, dikategorikan sebagai air yang suci lagi menyucikan (air mutlak), kerana berlakunya proses untuk menghilangkan najis dan mengekalkan semula sifat asal air yang suci lagi menyucikan. Justeru, air tersebut boleh digunakan untuk siraman bahkan ia boleh digunakan untuk minuman, selagi mana tidak memudaratkan, kerana air tersebut telah kembali kepada sifat air yang asal.
The Admissibility of Digital Document: Review on Its Current Classification from Islamic Perspectives
Digital document is now widely used and actively growing. Any digital document should be relevant, authentic and reliable before being presented in court as evidence. Thus, the basis of this study to determine the admissibility of a digital document from Islamic perspectives particularly the theory, opinion from scholars, law provisions, and the classification of the digital document from Islamic perspectives. This study used content analysis methods on a variety of data obtained including classical and modern legal books, scholarly opinions including books, journal articles, reports, standards, internet publications, and government documents. This study suggests whether the Islamic perspectives only highlight the official and unofficial documents and the is it required for having current classification in this new era? It because to ensure that we do not justify the wrong jurisdiction related to the digital document of topic Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR) for extensive view related to digital document from Islamic perspectives.
الإجراءات الجزائية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة: الفرص والتحديات
This study aims to identify the role of criminal procedures in the United Arab Emirates. The problem of the study lies in the existence of a state of confusion between the legal texts of each other, which may prompt the taking of penal measures that may not be commensurate with Customs crimes, as Article 7 of the Criminal Procedures Law indicated that only the Public Prosecution office has the right to take criminal measures against the accused and follow up on the progress of cases until a final judgment is issued, while Article 32 and Article 33 of the Criminal Procedures Law indicated that judicial arrest officers Of the police are authorized to take criminal measures, including collecting criminal evidence, and among government agencies other than the police, officers of the armed forces, border police, coast guards, officers of the General Administration of Residency and Foreigners Affairs, municipal inspectors, the Ministry of Health and Community Protection, and customs officials, which is a conflict between the tasks of the Public Prosecution And government agencies referred to. Article 45 indicates that it is permissible to search the accused or suspects and arrest them if there is sufficient evidence, while Article 47 states that the Public Prosecution Office alone has the power to issue decisions to search suspects, interrogate them and arrest those involved if their involvement is proven or release them if their innocence is proven. This contradicts the text of Article 5 of the Criminal Procedures Law, which states that the Public Prosecution is the one that conducts the investigation and accusation of crimes and not the judicial inspectors from other government agencies. The importance of the study was highlighted by the presence of strengthening the role of criminal procedures and the possibility of tightening those procedures in the UAE. The study followed the analytical approach to analyze the role of criminal procedures in the United Arab Emirates. The study found many results, including that the criminal procedures play a major role in achieving public restraint for not committing customs crimes in the United Arab Emirates. The study recommended the necessity of working on the classification and classification of the customs crime law to allow clarification of criminal procedures in the United Arab Emirates. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الإجراءات الجزائية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في وجود حالة من الالتباس بين النصوص القانونية بعضها البعض مما قد يدفع إلى اتخاذ اجراءات جزائية قد لاتتناسب مع الجرائم الجمركية، حيث أشارت المادة السابعة من قانون الإجراءات الجزائية إلى أن النيابة العامة وحدها دون غيرها هي من تملك حق اتخاذ الإجراءات الجزائية ضد المتهمين ومتابعة سير القضايا إلى حين صدور حكم نهائي في حين أشارت المادة 32 والمادة 33 من قانون الإجراءات الجزائية أن مأموري الضبط القضائي من الشرطة يصرح لها حق اتخاذ الإجراءات الجزائية بما فيها جمع الأدلة الجنائية ومن بين الجهات الحكومية الأخرى غير الشرطة ضباط القوات المسلحة وشرطة الحدود وخفر السواحل وضباط الإدارة العامة للإقامة وشئون الأجانب ومفتشو البلديات ووزارة الصحة ووقاية المجتمع وموظفو الجمارك، الأمر الذي يعد تضارباً بين مهام النيابة العامة والجهات الحكومية المشار إليها. وتشير المادة 45 انه يجوز تفتيش المتهم أو المشتبه فيهم والقبض عليهم في حالة توافر أدلة كافية في حين أن المادة 47 أقرت بأن النبابة العامة وحدها هي من تملك اصدار قرارات بتفتيش المشتبه فيهم والتحقيق معهم والقبض على المتورطين إذا ثبت تورطهم أو الافراج عنهم إذا ثبتت براءتهم، وهو ما يتعارض مع نص المادة 5 من قانون الإجراءات الجزائية التي تنص على أن النيابة العامة هي التي تباشر التحقيق والإتهام في الجرائم وليس المفتشون القضائيون من الجهات الحكومية الأخرى. وبرزت أهمية الدراسة من خلال وجود تعزيز دور الإجراءات الجزائية وإمكانية تشديد تلك الإجراءات في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. واتبعت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي لتحليل دور الإجراءات الجزائية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. ولقد توصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج من بينها أن الإجراءات الجزائية تمارس دوراً كبيراً من أجل تحقيق الزجر العام لعدم ارتكاب الجرائم الجمركية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. ولقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة العمل على تبويب وتصنيف قانون الجريمة الجمركية بما يسمح من توضيح الإجراءات الجزائية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة.
واقع وتحديات الهيئات البرلمانية والتشريعية في ظل جائحة كورونا
The legislative authorities' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic initially raised questions about whether and how parliaments and legislatures should continue to meet during the pandemic. By analyzing the parliamentary facts from all elected and appointed federal, regional, and international legislative bodies, we found that the role of councils and legislative bodies as sites for citizens' representation has suffered the most, while the scrutiny and legislative functions of parliaments tend to preserve the achievements of the peoples, albeit in a form of conservatism. We found that the characters in the responses of the various legislative bodies to the epidemic reveal aspects of the performance of these councils, which have given priority to enacting legislation that serves the interests of societies, indifferent to the risk of disease exposure to their members, so their goal was to serve the people, putting the interests of people above every consideration. Accordingly, in my research paper, I will review the efforts made by the parliamentary and legislative bodies to preserve their work in addition to their basic work, which is the voice of the people they represent and the pursuit of a comprehensive representation of their needs. في البداية أثارت ردود الهيئات التشريعية على جائحة فايروس كورونا كوفيد 19 أسئلة حول ما إذا كان ينبغي للبرلمانات والمجالس التشريعية أن تستمر في الاجتماع أثناء الوباء وكيف ينبغي ذلك. من خلال تحليل الوقائع البرلمانية من جميع الهيئات التشريعية الاتحادية والإقليمية والدولية المنتخبة والمعينة، وجدنا أن دور المجالس والهيئات التشريعية كمواقع لتمثيل المواطنين قد عانى أكثر من غيره، في حين أن وظائف التدقيق والتشريع للبرلمانات تميل إلى الحفاظ على منجزات الشعوب، وإن كان ذلك في تحفظ بشكل كبير. وجدنا بأن الصنوف في استجابات الهيئات التشريعية المتنوعة للوباء تكشف عن جوانب الأداء لهذه المجالس التي أعطت الأولوية لسن تشريعات تخدم مصالح المجتمعات غير مبالية بما تعرض لها أعضاءها من خطر الإصابة بالمرض، فكان هدفهم خدمة الشعوب واضعين مصالح البشر فوق كل اعتبار. وعليه، سوف استعرض في ورقتي البحثية هذه، الجهود التي قامت بها الهيئات البرلمانية والتشريعية، للمحافظة على اعمالها بالإضافة الى عملهم الأساسي، وهو صوت الشعب الذي يمثلونه والسعي الى التمثيل الشامل لمتطلباتهم.
The Admissibility of Digital Document According to Syariah Law: A Preliminary Analysis
Major shifts in the science and technology landscape have made the collection and analysis of digital evidence an increasingly important tool inresolving crimes as well as preparing the case for the trial in the court. Digital documents are known as electronic documents and it can be used as a means of proof in court. Also, digital documents can be used as evidence in the category of documents based on the definition given in Section 3 of the Syariah Court Evidence (Federal Territories) Act 1997[Act 561]. However, the digital document as a means of proof is still neededto be discussed in detail regarding its admissibility in the Syariah court. This is because there is no specific provisionaccording to Syariah Court Evidence lawon the use of it.This study,therefore,focuses on the concept of digital documents as evidence according to Syariah Law. This studyaims to discuss fromthe Islamic legal perspective on digital documents as a means of proof from the holy Quran, hadith, legal maxims and acts. This study also will focus on the admissibility of the digital document as evidence in the Syariah courtin Malaysia. The methodology of this study is a qualitative approach by using document analysis of article papers, journals, statutesand also related document references. The results show that the need to accept the admissibility of digital document as evidence very high, especially for use in the Syariah court. Studies show that the use of the digital document as evidence serves to supportother evidence presented in court.
ISU LGBT DI MALAYSIA : SATU TINJAUAN TERHADAP ASPEK KAJIAN
The word "LGBT" is becoming the most popular issue talked about among Malaysians regardless of age, race, religion, and culture. This is due to various issues that have arisen brought by this group in society. The LGBT group that hides behind the propaganda of freedom and human rights has made it a focal point for various studies at various levels. This paper is intended to review the extent to which studies that touch on LGBT issues have been implemented in Malaysia. Next, conclude and suggesting other studies that are seen as potential for implementation. Writing will use qualitative methods concerning library studies that include various forms of material such as journal articles, newspapers, fatwas, scientific studies, and others. The findings of writing found that several aspects being the focus of previous researchers, namely aspects of development, acceptance, and punishment, effects and issues that arise, factors involved, as well as suggestions to overcome LGBT symptoms. Thus, several other aspects of the study have been submitted as suggestions for further studies related to LGBT issues in Malaysia that can be implemented. The word "LGBT" is becoming the most popular issue talked about among Malaysians regardless of age, race, religion, and culture. This is due to various issues that have arisen brought by this group in society. The LGBT group that hides behind the propaganda of freedom and human rights has made it a focal point for various studies at various levels. This paper is intended to review the extent to which studies that touch on LGBT issues have been implemented in Malaysia. Next, conclude and suggesting other studies that are seen as potential for implementation. Writing will use qualitative methods concerning library studies that include various forms of material such as journal articles, newspapers, fatwas, scientific studies, and others. The findings of writing found that several aspects being the focus of previous researchers, namely aspects of development, acceptance, and punishment, effects and issues that arise, factors involved, as well as suggestions to overcome LGBT symptoms. Thus, several other aspects of the study have been submitted as suggestions for further studies related to LGBT issues in Malaysia that can be implemented. Perkataan “LGBT” semakin menjadi bualan dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia tanpa mengira pelbagai peringkat umur, kaum, agama dan budaya. Perkara ini berlaku ekoran daripada pelbagai isu yang timbul yang dibawa oleh kelompok ini dalam masyarakat. Kelompok LGBTyang berselindung disebalik propaganda kebebasan dan hak asasi manusia ini telah menjadikan ia sebagai suatu tumpuan terhadap berbagai kajian dipelbagai peringkat. Penulisan ini adalah bertujuan untuk meninjau sejauhmanakah kajian yang menyentuh tentang isu LGBT telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia. Seterusnya membuat rumusan dan mencadangkan kajian-kajian lain yang dilihat berpotensi untuk dilaksanakan. Penulisan akan menggunapakai kaedah kualitatif dengan merujuk kepada kajian kepustakaan yang merangkumi pelbagai bentuk bahan seperti artikel jurnal, akhbar, fatwa, kajian-kajian ilmiah, dan pelbagai lagi. Hasil penulisanmendapati bahawa terdapat beberapa aspek yang kajian menjadi tumpuan pengkaji sebelum ini iaitu aspek perkembangan, penerimaan dan hukuman, kesan dan isu yang timbul, faktor-faktor penglibatan, serta cadangan bagi mengatasi gejala LGBT. Justeru, beberapa cadangan aspek kajian yang lain telah dikemukakan sebagai cadangan kajian-kajian lanjutan yang berkait dengan isu LGBT di Malaysia yang boleh dilaksanakan.
FACING COVID-19 IN THE LIGHT OF THE MAXIM “NO HARM SHALL BE INFLICTED OR RECIPROCATED”
The Islamic legal maxim (al-qāʿidah al-fiqhiyyah) “no harm shall be inflicted or reciprocated” has become particularly significant in this era of pandemic. In the current context, this legal maxim is reasonably expected, provided that if they are adequately employed, to influence people’s choices and guide them to make certain decisions which are simultaneously religious and applicable for preservation of human life.This maxim is construed as prohibition of all actions that carry the notion of wronging, infringing on other’s rights, frustrating, overpowering, or setting back some party’s interests. In this article, we attempt to discern what Islamic jurisprudence has to say in this crucial combat which causes this global crisis. In light of the mentioned Islamic legal maxim, a flowchart that represents the sequence of the certain steps is derived, which is beneficial to be taken into consideration in the choices, decisions and actions related to or in the time of COVID-19.