International Conference of Postgraduate Students and Academics in Syariah and Law
The International Conference of Postgraduate Students and Academics in Syariah and Law (INPAC) is a flagship academic platform organised by the Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). The conference brings together postgraduate students, researchers, legal practitioners, and academicians from Malaysia and abroad to discuss contemporary developments in Syariah, law, and related interdisciplinary fields. INPAC serves as a scholarly arena for the exchange of ideas, presentation of research findings, and intellectual engagement across diverse areas including Islamic law, civil law, governance, economics, education, ethics, technology, and socio-legal studies. Emphasising the integration of ‘aqli (rational) and naqli (revealed) knowledge, the conference promotes a holistic and evidence-based approach to addressing emerging challenges faced by Muslim societies in the modern world. Through its commitment to rigorous academic discourse and international collaboration, INPAC contributes to the development of high-quality research, strengthens the scholarly community, and supports USIM’s mission of advancing Syariah and legal studies at both national and global levels.
Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)
PENDEKATAN RUKUN KEYAKINAN MALAYSIA MADANI DALAM KONTEKS WARGA INSTITUSI PENGAJIAN TINGGI (IPT) SEBAGAI PEMBAYAR DAN PENERIMA ZAKAT
The Malaysia Madani initiative was introduced by the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia as a national development framework aimed at strengthening economic and cultural development based on values, ethics and moral principles. This initiative is reinforced through six main pillars that can be applied across various sectors, including zakat institutions in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This article aims to discuss the concept of Malaysia Madani and provide an overview of its six underlying pillars, with specific focus on the Pillar of Trust in the context of HEI communities as zakat payers and recipients. This study adopts a qualitative approach using documentation and observation methods to collect data and analyse content descriptively. The findings indicate that the application of the Pillar of Trust among zakat payers significantly enhances awareness of the obligation to pay zakat within the HEI community. Meanwhile, in the context of zakat recipients, trust in the efficiency of HEI zakat management encourages the effective utilisation of assistance to alleviate financial burdens, thereby supporting students’ educational continuity and the well-being of HEI staff in need. Therefore, further studies on the application of the remaining five Malaysia Madani pillars may be conducted in the context of zakat payers and recipients. Abstrak Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke‑10 telah memperkenalkan gagasan Malaysia Madani sebagai kerangka pembangunan negara yang bertujuan memperkasakan pembangunan ekonomi dan kebudayaan berasaskan nilai, etika dan akhlak. Gagasan ini diperkukuhkan melalui enam rukun utama yang boleh diterapkan dalam pelbagai sektor, termasuk institusi zakat di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT). Artikel ini bertujuan membincangkan konsep Malaysia Madani serta tinjauan terhadap enam rukun yang mendasarinya. Tumpuan khusus diberikan kepada rukun Keyakinan dalam konteks warga Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) sebagai pembayar dan penerima zakat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah dokumentasi dan pemerhatian bagi mengumpul data serta menganalisis kandungan secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa pendekatan rukun Keyakinan dalam konteks pembayar zakat amat signifikan dalam meningkatkan kesedaran kewajipan membayar zakat dalam kalangan warga Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT). Manakala dalam konteks penerima zakat, keyakinan terhadap kecekapan pengurusan zakat IPT mendorong pemanfaatan bantuan secara berkesan bagi meringankan beban kewangan pelajar dan kakitangan IPT yang memerlukan. Sehubungan itu, kajian lanjutan terhadap penerapan baki lima rukun Malaysia Madani boleh dilaksanakan dalam konteks pembayar dan penerima zakat.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Conference of Postgraduate Students and Academics in Syariah and Law
PENDEKATAN RUKUN MADANI: DAYA CIPTA DALAM PENGURUSAN ZAKAT INSTITUSI PENGAJIAN TINGGI
Institutional management in the contemporary era requires a governance approach that is more dynamic, effective, and innovative, in line with the Malaysia Madani vision, which is founded on six core pillars as guiding values for national development. In this context, zakat institutions at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play a significant role as drivers of social well-being within the campus community through efficient and impactful zakat collection and distribution management. The objective of this study is to discuss the concept of Malaysia Madani and to examine the application of the Madani pillars in the management of zakat institutions at HEIs, with particular emphasis on the Pillar of Creativity as a foundation for innovation in zakat governance. This study adopts a qualitative approach using documentation and observation methods to collect data and analyse content descriptively. The findings indicate that the application of the Pillar of Creativity is highly significant in strengthening zakat institutions through the implementation of new innovations in zakat collection and distribution systems that are more efficient, responsive, and aligned with the needs of the HEI community. Accordingly, further studies are recommended to explore the application of other Malaysia Madani pillars in the management of zakat institutions at HEIs. Abstrak Pengurusan institusi pada masa kini menuntut pendekatan tadbir urus yang lebih dinamik, berkesan dan inovatif selaras dengan gagasan Malaysia Madani yang berteraskan enam rukun utama sebagai panduan nilai pembangunan negara. Dalam konteks ini, institusi zakat di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) berperanan penting sebagai pemacu kesejahteraan sosial warga kampus melalui pengurusan kutipan dan agihan zakat yang cekap serta berimpak. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membincangkan konsep Malaysia Madani dan meninjau penerapan rukun Madani dalam pengurusan institusi zakat IPT, dengan memberi tumpuan khusus kepada rukun Daya Cipta sebagai asas inovasi dalam tadbir urus zakat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kaedah dokumentasi dan pemerhatian bagi mengumpul data serta menganalisis kandungan secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa penerapan rukun Daya Cipta amat signifikan dalam memperkasakan institusi zakat IPT melalui pelaksanaan inovasi baharu dalam sistem kutipan dan agihan zakat yang lebih efisien, responsif dan menepati keperluan warga IPT. Sehubungan itu, kajian lanjutan dicadangkan bagi meneroka penerapan rukun-rukun Malaysia Madani yang lain dalam pengurusan institusi zakat IPT.
SOFT LAW DALAM ENAKMEN KELUARGA ISLAM: ANALISIS CEASE AND DESIST SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF KEPADA PERINTAH KOMITAL
The failure of former husbands to comply with maintenance orders remains a persistent issue in the enforcement of Islamic family law in Malaysia, with direct consequences for the welfare of wives and children. Existing mechanisms, such as committal orders, are often perceived as overly harsh and carry social and professional implications, particularly for civil servants. This article analyses the need for soft law instruments, such as cease and desist–type warning notices, as an early preventive approach in the enforcement of maintenance orders. The study adopts a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with three experienced Syariah and civil lawyers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and doctrinal analysis. The findings indicate that warning notices issued by Syariah law firms have the potential to encourage voluntary compliance and serve as evidence of preliminary efforts prior to legal action. Although not legally binding, this approach is consistent with the principles of maqasid al-shariah and the doctrine of sadd al-zara’i, which emphasise the prevention of harm. The article recommends that this practice be standardised as acomplement to existing enforcement mechanisms within the Syariah Courts.. Abstrak Kegagalan bekas suami mematuhi perintah nafkah kekal menjadi isu berlarutan dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang keluarga Islam di Malaysia, dengan kesan langsung terhadap kebajikan isteri dan anak-anak. Mekanisme sedia ada seperti perintah komital sering dianggap terlalu keras dan membawa implikasi sosial serta profesional, khususnya kepada penjawat awam. Artikel ini menganalisis keperluan instrumen soft law seperti notis amaran berunsur cease and desist sebagai pendekatan pencegahan awal dalam penguatkuasaan perintah nafkah. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui temu bual separa berstruktur bersama tiga orang peguam syarie dan sivil berpengalaman. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik dan analisis doktrin. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa notis amaran daripada firma guaman syarie berpotensi mendorong pematuhan sukarela dan berfungsi sebagai bukti usaha awal sebelum tindakan undang-undang diambil. Walaupun tidak mengikat secara perundangan, pendekatan ini selari dengan maqasid al-syariah dan kaedah sadd al-zara’i yang menekankan pencegahan kemudaratan. Artikel mencadangkan penyeragaman amalan ini sebagai pelengkap kepada mekanisme penguatkuasaan sedia ada di Mahkamah Syariah.
الرقابة على الإنفاق العام في ماليزيا وفلسطين: دراسة قانونية مقارنة
This study aims to analyze and compare oversight of public expenditure in Malaysia and Palestine from a legal and institutional perspective, highlighting similarities and differences between the two experiences and proposing recommendations to enhance public expenditure oversight in Palestine by drawing on the Malaysian experience. The study adopts a comparative and analytical legal methodology, examining the legislative and institutional frameworks as well as practical experiences, based on official reports and prior literature covering the period from 2000 to 2024. The findings reveal similarities such as the existence of independent oversight bodies, advanced public finance laws, and internal and external auditing systems. However, notable differences emerge, particularly the stronger role of the Malaysian parliament and the stability of the Malaysian system compared to the Palestinian context, alongside gaps in financial and technological capacities. The study also demonstrates that technology and digital transformation significantly enhance oversight efficiency in Malaysia, while Palestine faces challenges related to limited resources, institutional resistance, and weak coordination. The main findings include Malaysia’s strengths—parliamentary independence, the efficiency of oversight institutions, and advanced digital systems—and Palestine’s weaknesses, namely political and financial instability, resource constraints, and implementation gaps. Accordingly, the study offers recommendations to strengthen oversight in Palestine, including updating legal frameworks, advancing digital transformation, enhancing the independence of oversight bodies, and expanding civil society participation. It also suggests directions for future research to examine the impact of corruption, technology, and institutional culture on the effectiveness of public expenditure oversight. Overall, the study provides an integrated perspective on understanding the gap between the legal framework and practical implementation of public expenditure oversight and clarifies how successful experiences such as that of Malaysia can be leveraged to improve transparency and efficiency. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل ومقارنة الرقابة على الإنفاق العام في ماليزيا وفلسطين من منظور قانوني ومؤسساتي، مع إبراز أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين التجربتين، وتقديم توصيات لتطوير الرقابة في فلسطين بالاستفادة من التجربة الماليزية. وتعتمد على منهجية مقارنة وتحليلية قانونية، مع دراسة الإطار التشريعي والمؤسساتي، والتجارب العملية، باستخدام تقارير رسمية وأدبيات سابقة، للفترة من 2000 حتى 2024. أظهرت النتائج تشابهات مثل وجود أجهزة رقابية مستقلة، وقوانين مالية متقدمة، ونظم تدقيق داخلي وخارجي، واختلافات أبرزها قوة البرلمان الماليزي واستقرار النظام الماليزي مقارنة بالوضع الفلسطيني، والفجوة في الإمكانيات المالية والتكنولوجية. كما أظهرت الدراسة أن التكنولوجيا والتحول الرقمي يعززان كفاءة الرقابة في ماليزيا، بينما تواجه فلسطين تحديات مرتبطة بالموارد والمقاومة المؤسسية وانعدام التنسيق. تشمل النتائج الرئيسية: نقاط القوة الماليزية (استقلالية البرلمان، كفاءة الأجهزة الرقابية، نظم رقمية متطورة)، ونقاط الضعف الفلسطينية (ضعف الاستقرار، محدودية الموارد، فجوات في التطبيق). وقدمت الدراسة توصيات لتعزيز الرقابة في فلسطين، تشمل تحديث القوانين، تطوير التحول الرقمي، تعزيز استقلالية الجهات الرقابية، وتوسيع مشاركة المجتمع المدني. كما أوصت بأبحاث مستقبلية لدراسة أثر الفساد والتكنولوجيا والثقافة المؤسسية على فعالية الرقابة. في المجمل، تقدم الدراسة رؤية متكاملة لفهم الفجوة بين الإطار القانوني والتطبيق العملي للرقابة على الإنفاق العام، وتوضح كيفية الاستفادة من التجارب الناجحة مثل ماليزيا لتعزيز الشفافية والكفاءة
الادخار كآلية لتمويل الطوارئ: دراسة في ضوء الشريعة الإسلامية
This paper aims to shed light on the concept of savings as an effective means of investment that enables individuals to achieve self-financing under all circumstances. The study examines Islamic principles that encourage a culture of saving, drawing its strength from the Holy Qur’an as the primary source of Shariah. A key example is the story of Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) in Egypt, which serves as a model for future planning and the accumulation of resources to face famine. The paper cites jurisprudential (fiqh) opinions that reinforce the principle of balance between spending and saving while avoiding extravagance, encouraging Muslims to adopt sound financial planning. The importance of saving becomes increasingly evident when financial needs arise, resources are lost, or sudden illness occurs. This creates an urgent need for self-financing mechanisms through invested savings and the establishment of a personal financial system that individuals can rely on to achieve self-sufficiency in the face of potential hardships. The problem lies in the absence of a saving culture among some employees and low-income families who perceive their financial resources as inexhaustible. Consequently, they neglect saving for emergencies, leading them to borrow or depend on others during crises. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, based on texts from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, alongside a review of the opinions of classical and contemporary jurists and economic studies related to saving and future crisis management. It is guided by the principle: “Work for your worldly life as if you will live forever, and work for your hereafter as if you will die tomorrow”, which calls for a balance between both spheres and necessitates striving for a lawful (Halal) livelihood. The paper also reviews historical saving practices in Islamic civilization, such as the Ushr system—a tax or custom duty imposed on non-Muslim traders entering Islamic lands to finance the state treasury. The results show that Islamic jurisprudence is rich in principles and concepts that encourage saving and preparedness for life’s necessities for both individuals and society. This necessitates that experts develop contemporary financial models inspired by Islamic principles to strengthen the Islamic economy and reduce reliance on borrowing from relatives or friends. Finally, the study recommends encouraging Islamic savings and integrating it into economic and social policies, in addition to developing innovative Islamic financial tools that encourage employees and freelancers to save regularly, even if it is a small amount for emergencies. It further suggests that the state integrate the culture of saving into all levels of education and curricula to instill Islamic financial literacy, thereby enhancing self-reliance and preparedness for the worst-case scenarios. ملخص البحث تهدف هذه الورقة إلى تسليط الضوء على مفهوم الادخار كوسيلة فعّالة لاستثمار المدخرات التي تُمكّن الأفراد من التمويل الذاتي في جميع الظروف والأحوال. وتتناول الدراسة المبادئ الإسلامية التي تُشجِّع على ثقافة الادخار، مستمدة قوتها من القرآن كمصدر للشريعة الإسلامية، كقصة يوسف عليه السلام في مصر، التي تُعدّ نموذجًا للتخطيط للمستقبل وادخار المال لمواجهة المجاعة. وتستشهد الورقة بآراء فقهية تُعزز مبدأ التوازن بين الإنفاق والادخار، والإسراف مما يُشجع المسلمين على الاستعداد لتغيير نمط حياتهم من خلال التخطيط المالي السليم. وتزداد أهمية الادخار وضوحًا مع الحاجة إلى المال أو فقدان الموارد المعينة إليه، أو في حالات المرض المفاجئ. وهذا يُنشئ حاجة مُلِحّة إلى آليات تمويل ذاتي باستخدام المدخرات المُستثمرة، وإنشاء نظام مالي شخصي يُمكن للأفراد الاعتماد عليه لتحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتي في مواجهة الشدائد المُحتملة. وتكمن المشكلة في غياب ثقافة الادخار لدى بعض الموظفين والأسر ذات الدخل المحدود، الذين يتصورون أن مواردهم المالية لا تنضب. ونتيجةً لذلك، يُهملون الادخار للطوارئ والاحتياجات الأخرى. وعند وقوع الأزمات، يضطرون إلى الاقتراض أو الاعتماد على الآخرين. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج وصفي تحليلي، مستندةً إلى نصوص آيات القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية، إلى جانب مراجعة آراء الفقهاء القدماء والمعاصرين والدراسات الاقتصادية المتعلقة بالادخار وإدارة أزمات الحياة المستقبلية. وتسترشد بمبدأ "اعمل لدنياك كأنك تعيش أبدًا، واعمل لآخرتك كأنك تموت غدًا"، الذي يدعو إلى الموازنة بين الأمرين، ويتطلب المشي لكسب الرزق الحلال. ويمكن استعراض أمثلة على ممارسات الادخار في الحضارة الإسلامية، مثل نظام العُشر، وهو ضريبة أو رسوم جمركية تُفرض على التجار غير المسلمين الذين يدخلون الأراضي الإسلامية لتمويل خزينة الدولة الإسلامية. وتُظهر النتائج أن الفقه الإسلامي غنيٌّ بالمبادئ والمفاهيم التي تُشجِّع على الادخار والاستعداد لضروريات الحياة، للأفراد والمجتمع على حدٍ سواء. هذا يستلزم من الخبراء تطوير نماذج مالية معاصرة مستوحاة من المبادئ الإسلامية لتعزيز الاقتصادي الإسلامي وتقليل الاقتراض، سواءً من الأقارب أو الأصدقاء. وأخيرًا، توصي الدراسة بتشجيع الادخار الإسلامي ودمجه في السياسات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، بالإضافة إلى تطوير أدوات مالية إسلامية مبتكرة تشجع الموظفين وأصحاب المهن الحرة على الادخار بانتظام، حتى لو كان ذلك بتخصيص مبلغ صغير لحالات الطوارئ. وتقترح أن تُدمج الدولة ثقافة الادخار في جميع مراحل التعليم والمناهج الدراسية لغرس الثقافة المالية الإسلامية، مما يُعزِّز الاعتماد على الذات والاستعداد لأسوأ الاحتمالات.
PENGABAIAN NAFKAH ‘IDDAH: PERSPEKTIF HUKUM SYARAK DAN UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA ISLAM DI MALAYSIA
Iddah maintenance is one of the wife’s rights after divorce that must be fulfilled by the former husband according to Islamic law and Islamic family law in Malaysia. Although this obligation is clearly enshrined in statutory provisions and Islamic family enactments, in practice, the neglect of iddah maintenance continues to occur, particularly in the state of Kelantan. This study aims to analyse the concept and legal basis of iddah maintenance from the perspective of Islamic law, examine the relevant provisions of Islamic family law in Malaysia, and identify the factors contributing to the neglect of iddah maintenance by former husbands. This study adopts a qualitative design through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with Syariah court officers, Syariah lawyers and women involved in iddah maintenance neglect cases. The findings indicate that key challenges include delays in judicial processes, the irresponsible attitude of former husbands, weaknesses in enforcement mechanisms, and a low level of awareness regarding the obligation of iddah maintenance. The study proposes several improvements in court procedures, the expansion of Syariah legal aid for the B40 group, and the strengthening of enforcement mechanisms, such as automatic salary deductions and blacklisting, in order to enhance compliance with iddah maintenance orders and to protect women’s rights after divorce. Abstrak Nafkah ‘iddah merupakan salah satu hak isteri selepas perceraian yang wajib ditunaikan oleh bekas suami menurut hukum syarak dan undang-undang keluarga Islam di Malaysia. Walaupun kewajipan ini telah diperuntukkan secara jelas dalam akta dan enakmen kekeluargaan Islam, realiti menunjukkan masih wujud pengabaian nafkah ‘iddah, khususnya di negeri Kelantan. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep dan pensyariatan nafkah ‘iddah dari perspektif hukum syarak, menilai peruntukan undang-undang keluarga Islam di Malaysia berkaitan nafkah ‘iddah, serta mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada pengabaian nafkah tersebut oleh bekas suami. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen dan temu bual separa berstruktur bersama pegawai mahkamah syariah, peguam syarie, serta wanita yang terlibat dalam kes pengabaian nafkah ‘iddah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan antara cabaran utama ialah kelewatan proses penghakiman, sikap lepas tangan bekas suami, kelemahan mekanisme penguatkuasaan, serta tahap kesedaran yang rendah terhadap kewajipan nafkah ‘iddah. Kajian ini mencadangkan penambahbaikan dari sudut prosedur mahkamah, perluasan bantuan guaman syarie kepada golongan B40, serta pengukuhan mekanisme penguatkuasaan seperti potongan gaji automatik dan senarai hitam bagi meningkatkan pematuhan terhadap perintah nafkah ‘iddah dan seterusnya membela hak wanita pasca perceraian.
PENDEKATAN FIQH AL-HADITH DALAM APLIKASI SYARIAH: SATU TINJAUAN KONSEPTUAL
The application of Shariah law is rooted in the Qur'an and the Sunnah as the major sources of Islamic law, and the Prophetic hadiths are crucial in elucidating and implementing the legal pronouncements. Nevertheless, the present-day Shariah debate very often shows a mainly textual and deconstructed use of hadith without a systematic Fiqh al-Hadith approach. Such a situation can lead to legal applications that are not fully aware of the context, the multiplicity of narrations, and the objectives of Islamic law. Thus, this paper goes back to Shariah application and suggests a Fiqh al-Hadith-Based Framework for Shariah Application as a methodological foundation. Utilizing a qualitative doctrinal method, the research evaluates the basic concepts of Fiqh al-Hadith, such as the knowledge of asbāb al-wurūd, rectification of seemingly opposing hadith, distinguishing between the textual scope, taking into account the intention of the legislator, and the linking of hadith with qiyas and maqasid al-sharī’ah. It is shown that the introduction of the framework results in increased consistency, significance, and equilibrium in today's Shariah application while still adhering to the sources of revelation. The paper contends that the application of a rigorous Fiqh al-Hadith method is necessary for the production of Shariah applications that are connected, intent-driven, and in tune with the times. Abstrak Aplikasi Syariah berpaksikan al-Quran dan al-Sunnah sebagai sumber utama pembentukan hukum Islam dengan hadith Nabi SAW memainkan peranan penting dalam menjelaskan dan melengkapkan kefahaman terhadap kehendak syarak. Namun demikian, dalam wacana Syariah kontemporari, penggunaan hadith sering kali bersifat tekstual dan terpisah daripada pendekatan Fiqh al-Hadith yang sistematik, sekali gus berpotensi menghasilkan aplikasi hukum yang kurang mengambil kira konteks, kepelbagaian riwayat serta tujuan pensyariatan. Sehubungan itu, kertas ini bertujuan menilai semula aplikasi Syariah dengan mengemukakan Kerangka Aplikasi Syariah Berteraskan Fiqh al-Hadith sebagai asas metodologi. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis doktrinal terhadap prinsip-prinsip teras Fiqh al-Hadith, termasuk kefahaman asbāb al-wurūd, penyelarasan antara hadith yang kelihatan bertentangan, pembezaan skop lafaz, pertimbangan maqasid syariah serta integrasi hadith, qiyās dan maqasid al-sharī’ah. Perbincangan menunjukkan bahawa kerangka yang dicadangkan berupaya memperkukuh konsistensi, relevansi dan keseimbangan dalam aplikasi Syariah kontemporari, tanpa menjejaskan kesetiaan terhadap sumber wahyu. Kertas ini berhujah bahawa penerapan Fiqh al-Hadith secara berdisiplin merupakan prasyarat penting ke arah aplikasi Syariah yang lebih bersepadu, berorientasikan tujuan dan responsif terhadap realiti semasa.
PENDERAAN EMOSI OLEH ISTERI: FAKTOR-FAKTOR SUAMI BERTAHAN
Perkahwinan merupakan penyatuan dua individu yang berbeza dari segi jantina, latar belakang, pendidikan dan pengalaman hidup. Keadaan ini mendorong kepada perbezaan pandangan jika tidak dikendalikan dengan baik. Salah satu cabaran yang tidak disedari adalah penderaan emosi terhadap suami berikutan wujudnya persepsi bahawa lelaki tidak mudah terkesan secara emosi. Hakikatnya, ramai suami menjadi mangsa penderaan emosi namun memilih untuk terus bertahan dalam perkahwinan. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mendorong suami untuk bertahan dalam perkahwinan meskipun berhadapan dengan penderaan emosi. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif melalui temu bual berstruktur ke atas 10 orang informan dan data dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor-faktor utama yang mendorong suami untuk bertahan adalah tanggungjawab terhadap anak, kefahaman agama, berpemikiran jauh serta kasih sayang yang masih wujud. Kajian lanjutan disarankan bagi meneroka perspektif isteri terhadap isu ini, sekali gus memperluas wacana kekeluargaan selaras dengan perubahan sosial dan budaya semasa.
KAEDAH MEDIASI SEBAGAI PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK HADANAH TERHADAP SALAH SEORANG PASANGAN MEMELUK ISLAM
Section 82 of the Islamic Family Enactment (Perak) 2004 provides that the right of hadanah is generally granted to the mother as long as she does not lose her eligibility. However, legal conflicts often arise when one spouse converts to Islam while the other remains in their original religion, thereby creating an overlap of jurisdiction between the Syariah Court and the Civil Court. This situation not only complicates the determination of child custody rights but also has the potential to disrupt family harmony and jeopardize the welfare of the children involved. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate mediation as a method for resolving hadanah conflicts involving Muslim couples. This study adopts a qualitative approach through the analysis of selected cases and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that mediation is capable of achieving more harmonious resolutions based on the principles of tasamuh (tolerance) and the best interests of the child. Further studies are proposed to develop a more systematic and holistic hadanah mediation model for resolving conflicts involving couples where one party converts to Islam. Abstrak Seksyen 82 Enakmen Keluarga Islam (Perak) 2004 memperuntukkan bahawa hak hadanah lazimnya diberikan kepada ibu selagi mana kelayakan tersebut tidak hilang. Walau bagaimanapun, konflik perundangan sering timbul apabila salah seorang pasangan memeluk Islam, manakala pasangannya kekal dalam agama asal, sekali gus mewujudkan pertindihan bidang kuasa antara Mahkamah Syariah dan Mahkamah Sivil. Keadaan ini bukan sahaja merumitkan penentuan hak jagaan anak, malah berpotensi menjejaskan keharmonian keluarga serta kebajikan kanak-kanak yang terlibat. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kaedah mediasi sebagai penyelesaian konflik hadanah terhadap salah seorang pasangan memeluk Islam. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang menggabungkan analisis dokumen dan kajian kes terpilih serta temu bual separa berstruktur. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa mediasi berupaya mencapai penyelesaian yang lebih harmoni berlandaskan prinsip tasamuh dan kepentingan terbaik kanak-kanak. Kajian lanjutan dicadangkan bagi membangunkan model mediasi hadanah bagi pasangan penyelesaian konflik pasangan memeluk Islam yang lebih sistematik dan holistik.
POTENSI WAKAF BERTEMPOH DALAM MEMPERKASA EKONOMI DI MALAYSIA
Waqf is an Islamic social finance instrument that has long played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the Muslim community through the provision of education, healthcare, and social welfare. However, the implementation of waqf in Malaysia has generally remained concentrated on permanent waqf, which is long-term in nature and relatively inflexible in addressing the dynamic demands of the contemporary economy. In line with current economic challenges such as rising living costs, unequal access to economic opportunities, and the need for temporary and responsive financing mechanisms, the concept of temporary waqf (waqf muʿaqqat) has emerged as a promising alternative. Temporary waqf refers to the endowment of assets or funds for a specified period and for a particular purpose, after which the assets may be returned to the donor or reassigned in accordance with Sharīʿah agreements. This article aims to explore the potential of temporary waqf in strengthening Malaysia’s economy, particularly within the framework of Ekonomi Madani, which emphasises public well-being, social justice, economic inclusivity, and sustainable development. Employing a conceptual research approach and document analysis, the article argues that temporary waqf offers several advantages, including greater financing flexibility, adaptability to short-term needs, and the capacity to encourage broader societal participation, including among the B40 group, micro-entrepreneurs, younger generations, and the corporate sector. Conceptual findings indicate that the integration of temporary waqf into the Islamic social finance ecosystem has the potential to enhance national economic resilience by providing a financing mechanism that is more responsive, inclusive, and value-driven, in line with the aspirations of Ekonomi Madani in Malaysia. Abstrak Wakaf merupakan instrumen kewangan sosial Islam yang berperanan dalam pembangunan sosioekonomi umat melalui pendidikan, kesihatan dan kebajikan masyarakat. Namun, pelaksanaan wakaf di Malaysia secara umumnya masih tertumpu kepada wakaf kekal yang bersifat jangka panjang dan kurang fleksibel dalam menangani keperluan ekonomi semasa yang dinamik. Seiring dengan cabaran ekonomi kontemporari seperti peningkatan kos sara hidup, ketidaksamaan akses kepada peluang ekonomi serta keperluan pembiayaan bersifat sementara dan pantas konsep wakaf bertempoh (waqf muʿaqqat) muncul sebagai alternatif yang berpotensi. Wakaf bertempoh merujuk kepada pewakafan aset atau dana untuk tempoh masa tertentu yang selepas tamat tempoh tersebut boleh dikembalikan kepada pewakaf atau ditentukan semula penggunaannya mengikut persetujuan syarak. Artikel ini bertujuan meneroka potensi wakaf bertempoh dalam memperkasa ekonomi Malaysia, khususnya dalam konteks kerangka Ekonomi Madani yang menekankan prinsip kesejahteraan rakyat, keadilan sosial, keterangkuman ekonomi dan kelestarian pembangunan. Melalui pendekatan kajian konseptual dan analisis dokumen, artikel ini mengetengahkan bahawa wakaf bertempoh menawarkan kelebihan dari segi fleksibiliti pembiayaan, kebolehsuaian terhadap keperluan jangka pendek serta keupayaan menggalakkan penyertaan masyarakat secara lebih luas termasuk golongan B40, usahawan mikro, generasi muda dan sektor korporat. Dapatan konseptual menunjukkan bahawa integrasi wakaf bertempoh dalam ekosistem kewangan sosial Islam mampu memperkukuh daya tahan ekonomi negara melalui mekanisme pembiayaan yang lebih responsif, inklusif dan berteraskan nilai yang selari dengan aspirasi Ekonomi Madani di Malaysia.
HIBAH TAKAFUL SEBAGAI PENYELESAIAN PENGURUSAN HARTA PASANGAN ISLAM BUKAN WARGANEGARA DI MALAYSIA
For Malaysian citizens, the application and distribution of inheritance worth not exceeding RM5 million is under the jurisdiction of the Small Inheritance Distribution Unit (JKPTG). However, the question arises whether non-citizen Muslim couples also enjoy the same rights and administrative facilities in the small inheritance claim process. Therefore, this study aims to identify the methods of property management for non-citizen Muslim couples and examine the challenges faced in the claim process. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection through semi-structured interviews involving two informants, namely a syariah lawyer and an assistant director of small inheritance who were selected using purposive sampling techniques. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. The study findings prove that the takaful hibah by the husband to the non-citizen wife is the best solution to ensure the continuity of the wife's life after the husband's death. In addition, the study findings show that the main challenges in the inheritance claim of non-citizen Muslim couples include issues of ownership rights of immovable property as well as complex and time-consuming administrative procedures. In this regard, this study proposes that a clear, systematic and user-friendly administrative guideline be introduced, in addition to encouraging the use of hibah takaful as an estate planning method to guarantee the rights and justice of non-citizen Muslim spouses in the management of small inheritances. Abstrak Bagi warganegara Malaysia, permohonan dan pembahagian harta pusaka yang bernilai tidak melebihi RM5 juta adalah di bawah bidang kuasa Unit Pembahagian Pusaka Kecil (JKPTG). Walau bagaimanapun, timbul persoalan sama ada pasangan Islam bukan warganegara turut menikmati hak dan kemudahan pentadbiran yang sama dalam proses tuntutan harta pusaka kecil. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah pengurusan harta bagi pasangan Islam bukan warganegara serta meneliti cabaran yang dihadapi dalam proses tuntutan tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui temu bual separa berstruktur melibatkan dua orang informan, iaitu seorang peguam syarie dan seorang penolong pengarah pusaka kecil yang dipilih menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian membuktikan bahawa hibah takaful oleh suami terhadap isteri bukan warganegara merupakan kaedah penyelesaian yang terbaik bagi menjamin kelangsungan kehidupan isteri selepas kematian suami. Selain itu, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa cabaran utama dalam tuntutan harta pusaka pasangan Islam bukan warganegara merangkumi isu hak pemilikan harta tak alih serta prosedur pentadbiran yang kompleks dan memakan masa. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini mencadangkan agar satu garis panduan pentadbiran yang jelas, sistematik dan mesra pengguna diperkenalkan, di samping menggalakkan penggunaan hibah takaful sebagai kaedah perancangan harta bagi menjamin hak dan keadilan pasangan Islam bukan warganegara dalam pengurusan harta pusaka kecil.
ANALISIS HALANGAN PERUNDANGAN TERHADAP KEPERLUAN SESI KAUNSELING ISTERI PERTAMA BERSAMA KEBENARAN POLIGAMI
The emotional well-being of a first wife is a fundamental element in fostering harmony within the family especially in the context of polygamy. However, previous researchs show requirement to implement counselling session for first wife with judgement of court permission of polygamy. Therefore, this research aims to analyze limitation of laws to implement counselling sessions to first wife along with judgement of court permission of polygamy from Sharia Judge perspective. This research used qualitative through semi structure interviews by involving two sharia judges. Data will analyze by using thematic structure method. Research findings show limitation of laws to implement counselling session to first wife notably limitation of sharia court jurisdiction binds with existing law. However, judge can put it as an obiter dictum in ground of judgement. This research proposes one clear framework to be amended for strengthening element of counselling integration in polygamy case for protecting the peaceful emotion and social of first wife in a holistic way. Abstrak Kesejahteraan emosi isteri pertama merupakan elemen penting dalam menjamin keharmonian institusi kekeluargaan, khususnya dalam konteks amalan poligami. Namun begitu, kajian-kajian terdahulu menunjukkan bahawa terdapat keperluan untuk pelaksanaan sesi kaunseling kepada isteri pertama bersama keputusan kebenaran poligami. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis halangan perundangan dalam perintah pelaksanaan sesi kaunseling kepada isteri pertama bersama-sama kelulusan kebenaran permohonan poligami dari perspektif hakim syarie. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui temu bual separa berstruktur yang melibatkan dua orang hakim syarie. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat halangan perundangan dalam pelaksanaan sesi kaunseling kepada isteri pertama, khususnya disebabkan oleh keterbatasan bidang kuasa Mahkamah Syariah yang terikat kepada peruntukan undang-undang sedia ada. Namun, hakim bicara boleh meletakkanya sebagai obiter dictum dalam Alasan Penghakiman. Kajian ini mencadangkan agar satu kerangka yang lebih jelas digubal bagi memperkukuh integrasi elemen kaunseling dalam pengendalian kes poligami, demi melindungi kesejahteraan emosi dan sosial isteri pertama secara holistik.
RECONCEPTUALIZING PATENT EXCLUSIVITY UNDER THE BBNJ AGREEMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
The entry into force of the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) has generated new legal challenges for national intellectual property regimes, particularly in relation to patent exclusivity over inventions derived from marine genetic resources (MGRs). This paper examines the urgency of harmonizing patent law in Indonesia and Malaysia to ensure normative alignment with the BBNJ Agreement and the broader framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). While patent law is traditionally founded upon the grant of exclusive private rights, the BBNJ Agreement advances principles of non-exclusive access, fair and equitable benefit-sharing, and the concept of the common heritage of mankind, thereby revealing a fundamental conceptual tension between the two legal regimes. Employing a normative legal research methodology, this study adopts statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to assess the extent to which the existing patent laws of Indonesia and Malaysia accommodate BBNJ obligations. The urgency of harmonization is reinforced by international treaty law, particularly Articles 26 and 46 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which require States Parties to perform treaty obligations in good faith and preclude reliance on domestic law as justification for non-compliance. Given that both Indonesia and Malaysia have ratified the BBNJ Agreement, the persistence of unadjusted patent regimes risks creating normative inconsistency and regulatory fragmentation. Harmonizing patent law with BBNJ principles carries strategic and political significance. Such alignment may strengthen Indonesia’s and Malaysia’s positions as responsible maritime States, enhance their credibility in global ocean governance, and contribute to the consolidation of maritime influence within the evolving international legal order. Ultimately, this study contends that patent law harmonization constitutes both a legal necessity and a strategic imperative in the post-BBNJ era.
KAJIAN LITERATUR: HUKUM PEMAKANAN SERANGGA DALAM ISLAM
This study examines classical and contemporary scholarly discussions on the permissibility of consuming insects in Islam, focusing on foundational concepts such as hasharah, khaba’ith, jallalah, and maytah. The literature indicates that, although Muslim scholars agree that anything classified as khaba’ith is prohibited, there is no clear consensus regarding whether insects fall entirely within this category. Differences among the four Sunni schools of law reveal diverse approaches, ranging from total prohibition of insects to conditional permissibility when they are beneficial, safe, and culturally accepted. The study further explores contemporary issues related to Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) and Carmine (E120), alongside recent fatwas issued by various halal authorities. Findings show that the legal status of insects depends largely on whether they are considered khaba’ith or tayyib, as well as factors such as cleanliness, potential harm, cultural norms, and intended use. The paper highlights the need for continued research to clarify fiqh terminology and its implications for insect-based products in the modern food industry. Abstrak Kajian ini meneliti perbincangan klasik dan kontemporari berkaitan hukum pemakanan serangga dalam Islam dengan memberi tumpuan kepada konsep-konsep asas seperti hasharah, khaba’ith, jallalah dan maytah. Literatur menunjukkan bahawa walaupun terdapat kesepakatan ulama mengenai pengharaman segala yang tergolong dalam kategori khaba’ith, tidak wujud kesepakatan jelas mengenai pengkategorian serangga secara khusus. Perbincangan dalam kalangan empat mazhab Sunni memperlihatkan perbezaan pendekatan, bermula daripada pandangan yang mengharamkan semua jenis serangga hinggalah yang mengharuskannya jika terbukti bermanfaat, selamat dan diterima masyarakat. Kajian turut membincangkan isu kontemporari berkaitan larva lalat askar hitam (BSFL) dan pewarna Carmine (E120), serta analisis fatwa-fatwa semasa daripada pelbagai autoriti halal. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa penentuan hukum serangga bergantung kepada sifatnya sama ada dianggap khaba’ith atau tayyib, selain faktor kebersihan, kemudaratan, adat setempat dan tujuan penggunaannya. Kajian ini mencadangkan agar perbincangan lanjut dilakukan bagi memperjelaskan terminologi fiqh dan implikasinya terhadap produk berasaskan serangga dalam industri makanan moden.
MENELUSURI PELAKSANAAN PERINTAH BERSALING DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN: TINJAUAN AWAL
Reciprocal orders constitute an important mechanism in strengthening the effectiveness of enforcing Syariah Court decisions across the states in Malaysia. Although this concept is provided for under the administrative laws governing the Syariah Courts, its implementation continues to face various challenges, particularly in terms of procedural aspects, the level of understanding among the relevant authorities, and the lack of uniformity in administrative facilities. This article aims to provide a preliminary examination of the implementation of reciprocal orders through the existing legal framework and current practices that may serve as guidance, thereby drawing attention to the need for improvement. The study offers an initial overview that may serve as a basis for further discussion in academic seminars and research platforms related to the Syariah judiciary in Malaysia. Abstrak Perintah bersaling merupakan satu mekanisme penting dalam mengukuhkan keberkesanan penguatkuasaan keputusan Mahkamah Syariah antara negeri-negeri di Malaysia. Walaupun konsep ini telah diperuntukkan dalam undang-undang pentadbiran Mahkamah Syariah, pelaksanaannya masih berdepan pelbagai cabaran, khususnya dari sudut prosedur, tahap kefahaman pihak berautoriti serta kemudahan pentadbiran yang tidak seragam. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau pelaksanaan perintah bersaling secara asas melalui kerangka perundangan sedia ada dan amalan semasa yang boleh dijadikan panduan, seterusnya menuntut perhatian ke arah usaha penambahbaikan. Kajian ini memberikan gambaran awal yang boleh dijadikan asas perbincangan lanjut dalam seminar akademik serta platform penyelidikan berkaitan bidang kehakiman Syariah di Malaysia.
KETIDAKHADIRAN TERTUDUH DAN PELAKSANAAN DNAA DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN: SATU KAJIAN ANALITIK
A Discharge Not Amounting to an Acquittal (DNAA) is one of the orders that may be issued by the Syariah Court in Syariah criminal proceedings, particularly when the accused fails to appear during the trial. Such an order does not result in an absolute acquittal; however, its implementation carries significant implications for the rights of the accused, judicial discretion, and the responsibilities of the prosecution. This article analyses the application of DNAA orders in the context of the accused’s absence in the Syariah Court of the Federal Territories by examining the legal basis, principles of application, and justifications for their issuance. The discussion also evaluates the factors that must be considered by a Syariah Judge before issuing a DNAA order, including the interests of justice, procedural compliance, and the readiness of the prosecution to proceed with the case. The research methodology adopted is a library-based study involving an analysis of statutory provisions, academic writings, and Syariah Court cases decided in the Federal Territories. The findings indicate that the absence of the accused does not automatically justify the issuance of a DNAA order; rather, it requires careful and balanced judicial assessment. This study is expected to enhance understanding and professional practice among Syariah Prosecutors, Syariah Lawyers, and Syariah Judges in ensuring the proper administration of justice within the Syariah criminal justice system. Abstrak Perintah dilepaskan tanpa dibebaskan (DNAA) merupakan salah satu bentuk perintah yang boleh dikeluarkan oleh Mahkamah Syariah dalam prosiding jenayah syariah, khususnya apabila berlaku ketidakhadiran tertuduh semasa perbicaraan. Perintah ini tidak membawa kepada pembebasan mutlak, namun pelaksanaannya mempunyai implikasi penting terhadap hak tertuduh, budi bicara mahkamah dan tanggungjawab pihak pendakwaan. Artikel ini menganalisis pelaksanaan DNAA dalam konteks ketidakhadiran tertuduh di Mahkamah Syariah Wilayah Persekutuan dengan meneliti asas perundangan, prinsip pelaksanaan serta justifikasi pengeluarannya. Perbincangan turut menilai faktor-faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh Hakim Syarie sebelum mengeluarkan perintah DNAA, termasuk kepentingan keadilan, pematuhan prosedur dan kesediaan pihak pendakwaan untuk meneruskan pendakwaan. Metodologi kajian yang digunakan ialah kajian kepustakaan melalui analisis peruntukan undang-undang, penulisan akademik dan kes-kes Mahkamah Syariah yang diputuskan di Wilayah Persekutuan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa ketidakhadiran tertuduh tidak secara automatik mewajarkan perintah DNAA, sebaliknya memerlukan penilaian kehakiman yang teliti dan berimbang. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kefahaman serta amalan profesional dalam kalangan Pendakwa Syarie, Peguam Syarie dan Hakim Syarie bagi memastikan pelaksanaan keadilan dalam sistem jenayah syariah.
مبدأ الإثم والعدوان وأثره على فهم المسلمين للقضايا المستجدة: دراسة في الفتاوى المعاصرة
This research aims to elucidate the principle of cooperation in sin and aggression and its impact on governing fatwas regarding contemporary emerging issues (Nawazil). It is based on Sharia evidences, primarily the verse: “And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression” (Al-Ma'idah: 2). The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical methodology to survey authentic texts from the Quran and Sunnah, and to analyze fatwas issued by various fatwa bodies (the Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America [AMJA], the Permanent Committee, and the Palestinian and Jordanian Fatwa Houses) concerning contemporary social and economic issues. The study revealed that this principle governs the fatwas that clarify Sharia rulings for these modern developments and corrects the trajectory of Muslims' interaction with them. The study recommends enhancing and expanding research into the impact of this principle and other universal Quranic principles, highlighting their significance in regulating fatwas and rationalizing conduct in the rapidly evolving fields of digital and financial emerging issues. ملخص البحث يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان مبدأ التعاون على الإثم والعدوان وأثره في ضبط فتاوى النوازل المعاصرة، مستندًا إلى أدلة شرعية أهمّها قوله تعالى: (وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ) (المائدة: 2). استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لاستقراء النصوص الأصيلة من القرآن والسنة، وتحليل فتاوى هيئات الإفتاء في دول متعددة (مجمع فقهاء الشريعة بأمريكا، اللجنة الدائمة، دار الإفتاء الفلسطينية والأردنية) في قضايا اجتماعية واقتصادية معاصرة. أظهرت الدراسة أن المبدأ يضبط الفتاوى التي تبيّن الحكم الشرعي لهذه المستجدات، ويصحح مسار تعامل المسلمين معها. وتوصي الدراسة بتعزيز البحث وتوسيعه في أثر هذا المبدأ وغيره من المبادئ القرآنية الكلية، وإبراز أهميتها في ضبط الفتوى وترشيد التعامل في مجالات النوازل الرقمية والمالية المتتالية.
INOVASI SALAM SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF TAWARRUQ DALAM PRODUK PEMBIAYAAN PERIBADI ISLAM: TINJAUAN LITERATUR
In line with current demands, tawarruq-based products have received positive reception among banking institutions. This popularity is due to the features of tawarruq, which are based on buying and selling, allowing for capital guarantee, liquidity, and assured profits. However, this popularity leads to dominance of tawarruq in almost all Islamic financial products which is potentially gives rise to several risks; concentration risk, Shariah authenticity risk, credit risk, and reputational risk. Therefore, proactive acts in exploring other Islamic financial contracts to provide alternatives to tawarruq is necessary. This study aims to investigate the potential of salam as an alternative to tawarruq in offering financing products within Islamic banking in Malaysia. The study employs a qualitative approach using literature review, examining and analyzing secondary data collected from various sources such as articles, journals, books, resolutions, Shariah’s standards and product disclosure sheets. Abstrak Seiring dengan kehendak semasa, produk kewangan Islam berasaskan tawarruq mendapat sambutan yang positif dalam kalangan institusi perbankan Islam di Malaysia mahupun peringkat global. Populariti ini disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri tawarruq yang berasaskan jual beli membolehkan jaminan modal, kecairan tunai, dan keuntungan yang terjamin. Namun yang demikian, populariti ini membawa kepada dominasi tawarruq dalam hampir kesemua produk kewangan Islam, yang mana ia berpotensi menyebabkan beberapa risiko; risiko penumpuan (concentration risk), risiko ketulenan Syariah (aunthenticity risk), risiko kredit (credit risk) dan risiko reputasi (reputational risk). Oleh itu, langkah proaktif dalam meneroka kontrak kewangan Islam yang lain bagi menyediakan alternatif kepada tawarruq perlu dilakukan. Kajian ini bertujuan meneroka potensi salam sebagai alternatif tawarruq dalam menawarkan produk pembiayaan peribadi di perbankan Islam di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan kajian kepustakaan dengan meneliti dan menganalisis data sekunder yang dikutip daripada pelbagai sumber seperti artikel, jurnal, buku, resolusi, standard Syariah dan helaian pendedahan produk (product discloser sheets).
ANALISIS JURANG ANTARA LABEL 'MESRA MUSLIM' DAN 'PENSIJILAN HALAL' DALAM INDUSTRI PERHOTELAN
The Islamic tourism industry in Malaysia is experiencing rapid growth, but it faces critical challenges related to the terminological confusion between the labels ‘Muslim Friendly’ and ‘Halal Certification’. This paper aims to analyze the definitional and operational gaps that exist in the country’s hospitality industry through a comprehensive literature review. The study examines various existing standards including MS 2610:2015 and international rating systems, and evaluates them through the Maqasid Syariah framework. The study findings reveal significant inconsistencies as ‘Halal Certification’ is usually limited to the food and beverage (F&B) aspect, while the ‘Muslim Friendly’ label is widely used without clear and consistent standards. Further analysis found that the current standards tend to emphasize the religious ritual aspect (Hifz al-Din) but give less emphasis to the safety of life and property (Hifz al-Nafs & Hifz al-Mal) aspect which is the main demand of Maqasid. Therefore, this study proposes the introduction of a transparent tiered classification system and the harmonization of standards to bridge the gap in tourist expectations and strengthen Malaysia’s integrity as a global Islamic tourism destination of choice. Abstrak Industri pelancongan Islam di Malaysia sedang mengalami pertumbuhan pesat, namun ia berdepan dengan cabaran kritikal berkaitan kekeliruan terminologi antara label ‘Mesra Muslim’ dan ‘Pensijilan Halal’ . Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jurang definisi dan operasi yang wujud dalam industri perhotelan negara melalui sorotan literatur yang komprehensif. Kajian meneliti pelbagai piawaian sedia ada termasuk MS 2610:2015 dan sistem penarafan antarabangsa, serta menilainya melalui kerangka Maqasid Syariah. Dapatan kajian mendedahkan wujudnya ketidakseragaman yang ketara apabila ‘Pensijilan Halal’ lazimnya dihadkan kepada aspek makanan dan minuman (F&B), manakala label ‘Mesra Muslim’ pula digunakan secara meluas tanpa piawaian yang jelas dan konsisten. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa jurang persepsi berlaku kerana ketiadaan penyelarasan standard; label 'Mesra Muslim' sering disalah anggap setaraf dengan 'Pensijilan Halal' walaupun skop operasinya jauh berbeza Justeru, kajian ini mencadangkan pengenalan sistem klasifikasi berperingkat yang telus dan harmonisasi standard bagi merapatkan jurang jangkaan pelancong serta memperkukuh integriti Malaysia sebagai destinasi pelancongan Islam pilihan global.
تعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة في ضوء مقاصد الشّريعة الإسلاميّة: دراسة تأصيليّة وقائيّة
In contemporary societies, where psychological challenges are increasing and comprehensive Sharia-based preventive approaches to mental health are often lacking, this study examines the role of the objectives of Islamic Sharia (Maqasid al-Sharia) in promoting individual and societal mental well-being. The research grounds the concept of psychological enhancement in Sharia principles and analyzes its preventive dimensions through relevant texts and legal maxims. Using an inductive approach to trace Sharia evidence and an analytical method to interpret its psychological implications, the study finds that the objectives of Islamic Sharia provide an effective preventive framework for mental health. They foster inner peace, emotional stability, and psychological balance through strengthening faith in God, cultivating contentment, optimism, and patience, and promoting social solidarity and collective responsibility. Such guidance protects individuals from psychological disorders arising from anxiety, stress, despair, and depression. The study further emphasizes that safeguarding the five essential necessities-soul, intellect, religion, progeny, and wealth-constitutes a comprehensive preventive foundation for mental well-being. This preservation enhances psychological security, improves adaptability to life’s challenges, and mitigates behavioral and social disturbances. In conclusion, enhancing mental health according to Sharia objectives is achievable through an integrated preventive system, including spiritual practices, adherence to Islamic ethics, development of Sharia awareness, and the promotion of familial and social balance. This research offers a Sharia-based preventive framework that can guide the design of educational and community programs supporting mental health in alignment with the objectives of Islamic Sharia. ملخّص البحث في ظلّ التّحدّيات النّفسيّة المتزايدة في المجتمعات المعاصرة، وغياب معالجة شرعيّة مقاصديّة متكاملة تُعنى بتعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة من منظور وقائي، يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان دور مقاصد الشّريعة الإسلاميّة في تعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة للفرد والمجتمع، من خلال التأصيل الشّرعي لمفهوم التّعزيز، وتحليل أبعاده الوقائيّة في النّصوص والقواعد الشّرعيّة. وقد اعتمد البحث على المنهج الاستقرائي في تتبّع الأدلّة الشّرعيّة والمقاصديّة، والمنهج التّحليلي في بيان دلالاتها وانعكاساتها النّفسيّة. وتوصّل البحث إلى أنّ مقاصد الشّريعة الإسلاميّة تمثّل إطارًا وقائيًا فاعلًا لتعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة، بما تحمله من توجيهات ترسّخ الطّمأنينة الدّاخليّة، والاستقرار الانفعالي، والتّوازن النّفسي، من خلال تعميق الإيمان بالله، وترسيخ معاني الرّضا والتّفاؤل والصّبر، وتعزيز التّكافل الاجتماعي، والمسؤوليّة الجماعيّة، والوقاية من الاضطرابات النّفسيّة النّاشئة عن القلق واليأس والتّوتّر والاكتئاب. كما أبرزت الدّراسة أنّ حفظ الضّروريّات الخمس في مقاصد الشّريعة يشكّل أساسًا وقائيًّا شاملًا لتعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة، من خلال صيانة النّفس والعقل والدّين والنّسل والمال، بما يدعم الشّعور بالأمان النّفسي، ويقوّي القدرة على التّكيّف مع ضغوط الحياة وتحدّياتها، ويُسهم في الوقاية من الاضطرابات السّلوكيّة والاجتماعيّة. وخلص البحث إلى أنّ تعزيز الصّحّة النّفسيّة في ضوء مقاصد الشّريعة يتحقّق عبر منظومة وقائيّة متكاملة، من أبرز مظاهرها: العبادات الرّوحيّة، والالتزام بالقيم والأخلاق الإسلاميّة، وبناء الوعي الشّرعي، وتحقيق التّوازن الأسري والاجتماعي. ويسهم هذا البحث في تقديم إطار شرعيّ وقائيّ يمكن الإفادة منه في تصميم برامج تربويّة ومجتمعيّة داعمة للصّحّة النّفسيّة، منسجمة مع مقاصد الشّريعة الإسلاميّة.
THE USE OF ZAKAT PROCEED FOR TAKAFUL PROTECTION OF AṢNĀF (QUALIFIED RECEIVERS): A MAQASID-BASE IJTIHĀD PERSPECTIVE IN MALAYSIA
The integration of zakat proceed into takaful schemes represents a significant opportunity to enhance social welfare and financial inclusion for the aṣnāf (qualified receivers) in Malaysia. While zakat, traditionally aimed at poverty alleviation, aligns with the principles of takaful as a risk-sharing mechanism, the practical application of zakat for takaful coverage remains underexplored. Shariah guidelines permit zakat to support initiatives that benefit the aṣnāf; however, the absence of well-defined frameworks has led to varying interpretations and inconsistent practices among scholars, religious authorities, and zakat administrators. This study examines the Shariah provisions regarding the allocation of zakat funds for takaful, explores stakeholder perceptions, and identifies the challenges faced by zakat administrators, religious authorities, and takaful providers. A qualitative methodology combining deductive and analytical approaches, secondary data review, and semi-structured interviews with key institutions is employed. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the feasibility of using zakat for takaful schemes, its compliance with Shariah principles, and the extent to which it aligns with maqasid-based ijtihād. Furthermore, the study explores its potential to offer sustainable financial protection for the aṣnāf. By addressing interpretative gaps and practical challenges, this study proposes recommendations for the development of Shariah-compliant guidelines that optimize zakat utilization, thereby advancing long-term financial resilience and social empowerment for the aṣnāf community.
PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW: GAPS AND PROPOSED REFORMS IN THE MALAYSIAN SHARIA LEGAL SYSTEM
The protection of women and children within Malaysia’s Islamic family law system faces serious challenges due to the gap between progressive legal norms and weak enforcement practices. Although the Islamic Family Law Enactments (IFLE) across various states regulate rights to maintenance (nafkah), child custody (ḥaḍānah), and protection from domestic violence, empirical realities reveal high numbers of complaints by women concerning failure to provide maintenance, gender-based violence, and the weak execution of Syariah Court judgments. Regulatory fragmentation among states, limited institutional capacity, and state policies that emphasize moral–individual approaches such as the Qawwam Men Initiative (ILQ) further exacerbate substantive injustice for vulnerable groups. This study aims to analyze the forms and causes of the protection gap affecting women and children in Malaysia’s Islamic family law, to examine how the principles of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah and the values of Malaysia Madani are employed in reform discourse, and to formulate a more just and responsive model of legal and policy reform. The research adopts a qualitative methodology with an in-depth document study approach, employing critical thematic analysis and discourse analysis of Islamic family law enactments, Syariah Court decisions, state policy documents, human rights institution reports, as well as academic and civil society discourses. The findings indicate a systemic tripodal failure consisting of regulatory fragmentation, weak implementation of court decisions, and misalignment of national policies. The ILQ is shown to represent the paradox of “responsible patriarchy,” reinforcing traditional gender norms without addressing the structural roots of the problem. This study recommends a holistic reform through regulatory harmonization, the strengthening of victim-centered law enforcement, and the operationalization of progressive maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah and Malaysia Madani values to realize substantive justice for women and children.
FATWA, KEBEBASAN ASASI DAN BIDANG KUASA MAHKAMAH: ANALISIS KES SIS FORUM
This study analyzes the relationship between fatwas, fundamental liberties, and judicial jurisdiction within the Malaysian legal system through the case of Sisters in Islam (SIS) Forum Malaysia. Fatwas function as legal instruments for the preservation of Islamic creed (aqidah); however, their implementation often faces challenges when certain parties invoke the provisions of fundamental liberties guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the Federal Court’s decision in the SIS case and its impact on the position of fatwas within the framework of human rights, particularly in relation to freedom of expression, association, and religion. This study employs a qualitative research design through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with civil lawyers. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the court’s interpretation of fundamental liberties has limited the applicability of fatwas to individual Muslims only and rendered them inapplicable to organizational entities. This decision has significant implications for the authority of fatwa institutions, which play a crucial role in the preservation of Islamic creed. The study suggests the need for harmonization between the principles of fundamental liberties and the requirement to safeguard religion, so that fatwas may function more effectively without conflicting with the framework of the Federal Constitution. Abstrak Kajian ini menganalisis hubungan antara fatwa, kebebasan asasi dan bidang kuasa mahkamah dalam sistem perundangan Malaysia melalui kes Sister in Islam (SIS) Forum Malaysia. Fatwa adalah instrumen perundangan bagi pemuliharaan akidah umat Islam, namun perlaksanaan fatwa sering berhadapan cabaran apabila terdapat pihak yang cuba menggunakan peruntukkan kebebasan asasi yang dijamin oleh Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan terhadap kes SIS yang mempengaruhi kedudukan fatwa dalam kerangka hak asasi manusia, khususnya dalam kebebasan bersuara, berorganisasi dan beragama. Kajian ini dijalankan menggunakan reka bentuk kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen, temu bual separa berstruktur bersama peguam sivil. Data yang diperolehi dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tafsiran mahkamah terhadap kebebasan asasi telah mengehadkan pemakaian fatwa kepada individu Muslim sahaja dan tidak terpakai kepada entiti pertubuhan. Keputusan ini menimbulkan implikasi besar kepada autoriti institusi fatwa yang berperanan besar dalam pemuliharaan akidah umat Islam. Kajian ini mencadangkan perlunya penyelarasan antara prinsip kebebasan asasi dan keperluan pemeliharaan agama agar fatwa dapat berfungsi secara lebih berkesan tanpa bercanggah dengan kerangka Perlembagaan Persekutuan.
الدوافع المحرّكة للاستيطان في القدس وموقعه في القانون الدولي والقرارات الدولية
This paper explores the driving forces behind Israeli settlement activity in Jerusalem, a central challenge to the Palestinian cause due to its role as a systematic colonial project aimed at reshaping the city’s geographic and demographic structure. The study shows that settlement expansion is driven by intertwined religious, historical, political, security, and economic motives that the occupying power employs to justify territorial expansion, entrench control over Palestinian land, and construct a false sense of legitimacy for the settlement enterprise. The research problem focuses on identifying and analyzing these motives, while clarifying the legal status of settlement activity under international law and relevant international resolutions. The study aims to explain the underlying drivers of the settlement project, outline the international legal position regarding settlements, and evaluate the most significant UN resolutions related to settlement activity in Jerusalem. Methodologically, the research adopts the inductive approach by reviewing international legal texts and United Nations resolutions pertaining to settlements, alongside the descriptive–analytical method to examine the provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols. The study is organized into an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion: the first examines the motives behind the settlement project; the second discusses its standing in international law; and the third reviews resolutions issued by the Security Council and General Assembly. The study concludes that Israeli settlements in Jerusalem constitute a clear violation of international law and the Geneva Conventions and present a major obstacle to the Palestinian right to self-determination and the establishment of an independent state. It also finds that, despite their clarity, UN resolutions lack effective enforcement mechanisms, enabling continued settlement expansion without accountability. The study recommends strengthening international accountability, supporting legal and diplomatic efforts to curb settlement activity, and reinforcing the resilience of Palestinians in Jerusalem against policies of Judaization and displacement. تتناول هذه الورقة موضوع الدوافع المحرّكة للاستيطان الإسرائيلي في مدينة القدس، بوصفه أحد أبرز التحديات التي تواجه القضية الفلسطينية، نظرًا لكونه مشروعًا استعماريًا ممنهجًا يستهدف تغيير الطابع الجغرافي والديمغرافي للمدينة. ويظهر من خلال الدراسة أن الاستيطان يستند إلى مجموعة مركّبة من الدوافع الدينية والتاريخية والسياسية والأمنية والاقتصادية، تستخدمها القوة القائمة بالاحتلال لتبرير التوسع والسيطرة على الأراضي الفلسطينية في القدس، ولإضفاء شرعية مزعومة على المشروع الاستيطاني. وتتمثل مشكلة البحث في بيان طبيعة هذه الدوافع وتحليلها، وشرح موقع الاستيطان في إطار القانون الدولي وقرارات الدولية، ويهدف البحث إلى توضيح الخلفيات المحرّكة للمشروع الاستيطاني، وبيان موقف القانون الدولي من الاستيطان، إضافة إلى تقييم القرارات الدولية ذات الصلة بموضوع الاستيطان في القدس. وقد اعتمد الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي من خلال تتبع النصوص القانونية الدولية والقرارات الأممية المتعلقة بالاستيطان، كما استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في قراءة وتحليل أحكام اتفاقيات جنيف لعام 1949م، والبروتوكولين الإضافيين لعام 1977م، ويتكون البحث من مقدمة وثلاثة محاور وخاتمة؛ حيث يتناول المحور الأول دوافع المشروع الاستيطاني في القدس، بينما يوضح المحور الثاني الموقف القانوني الدولي من الاستيطان، أما المحور الثالث فيستعرض القرارات الدولية الصادرة عن مجلس الأمن والجمعية العامة، وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أبرزها: أن الاستيطان الإسرائيلي في القدس يشكل انتهاكًا واضحًا لقواعد القانون الدولي وأحكام اتفاقيات جنيف، وأنه يمثل عقبة أساسية أمام حق الفلسطينيين في تقرير المصير وإقامة دولتهم المستقلة. كما تبين أن قرارات الأمم المتحدة، رغم وضوحها وصرامتها، ما تزال تفتقر إلى آليات تنفيذ فعالة، مما يسمح لاستمرار الأنشطة الاستيطانية دون مساءلة. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة تفعيل المساءلة الدولية، ودعم الجهود القانونية والدبلوماسية الرامية إلى وقف الاستيطان، وتعزيز صمود السكان الفلسطينيين في مدينة القدس في مواجهة سياسات التهويد والاقتلاع.
REPRESENTATION OF USTAZ ABDUL SOMAD'S SPEAKING IN THE DISCOURSE OF DAKWAH
This study aims to describe the representation of Ustaz Abdul Somad's speech in his preaching discourse. This research is qualitative research that analyzes UAS speech in the use of its da'wah discourse. The data of this research is about the representation of Ustadz Abdul Somad's preaching discourse. The data was taken through a selection phase based on the needs that became the focus of the research, namely data in the form of fragments of representation in Ustadz Abdul Somad's da'wah discourse. Data analysis and interpretation techniques were carried out with the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results and conclusions in this study are that there are representations in Ustaz Abdul Somad's speech in his preaching discourse including constantive, performative, locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary, representative, directive, expressive, direct, indirect, and vernacular.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Conference of Postgraduate Students and Academics in Syariah and Law
BREAKING BREAD AND BARRIERS: LEVERAGING ISLAMIC LAW FOR SUSTAINABLE HALAL TOURISM THROUGH LOCAL GASTRONOMY
This conceptual paper investigates the interaction between halal tourism, local gastronomy, and Islamic law, with a focus on sustainability and cultural sensitivity. Halal tourism is a rising market niche within the tourism industry, catering to Muslim travellers seeking sites and activities that adhere to Islamic values. Local gastronomy, which refers to the appreciating the traditional cuisine and host culture of a specific region or community, can be a major draw for halal visitors. Yet, promoting local cuisine can present obstacles in terms of authenticity, cultural sensitivity, and sustainability. The purpose of this study is to identify how Islamic law might help overcome these difficulties and promote sustainable halal tourism by promoting local gastronomy. The study took a review of the literature approach, drawing on existing research on halal tourism, local gastronomy, and Islamic law. The study highlights numerous ways in which Islamic law might assist in addressing contemporary challenges in the promotion of local gastronomy within the context of halal tourism. Stakeholders may guarantee that they are serving the requirements and expectations of their target market while also contributing to larger ethical and sustainability goals by incorporating Islamic values into their processes. Therefore, this study suggests that the intersection of halal tourism, local gastronomy, and Islamic law can be leveraged for sustainable development, cultural preservation, and social integration. By breaking down cultural barriers and promoting sustainable practices in the promotion of local gastronomy, stakeholders can ensure that their practices are consistent with the values of their target market and with broader ethical and sustainability considerations.
SUSTAINABLE HOUSEHOLD ELECTRONIC WASTE (E-WASTE) MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Sustainable solid waste management contributes to three important aspects of sustainable development, namely, the environment, and economics, and social well-being. Electronic waste (also known as e-waste) is a type of household hazardous waste that will contribute to environmental pollution if it is managed unsustainably, as its disposal in landfills will contribute toxic substances to the landfill leachate, which subsequently could adversely affect the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the sustainable household e-waste management in Malaysia from a legal perspective by employing library research methodology. The lack of a legislation in respect of household e-waste management is identified as one of the challenges, which has caused difficulty in managing household e-waste. Hence, there is a need to improve the existing legal framework to enhance the sustainable management of household e-waste in Malaysia.
THE ANIMATED UPIN-IPIN AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF MALAY LITERACY DISSEMINATION IN INDONESIA
The animated film Upin-Ipin is a phenomenal spectacle both in Malaysia and Indonesia. Besides the cultural proximity, the Upin-Ipin’s appeal is due to, in general, a daily family movies genre. This study aims at describing and explaining the forms and the levels of the spread of language literacy through animated film as Malay language acquisition to Indonesians. By using the historical method, this study analyzes data using a descriptive approach. The data is in the form of written words obtained from the subject studied. The type of research used in the study is the analysis of phenomena that occur in society, especially kids in acquiring new language. The data source is 80 children from 19 different provinces in Indonesia with an age range of 1 to 12 years. Based on the results, the studies shows that children ages 1-4 years start to copy style of the language they acquired from the movie. When these children continue to be exposed to the Malay language it is easy for them to acquire vocabularies that theyunderstand as view to developing the language they have acquired.
DIGITAL LEADERSHIP CONCEPTS GLOBAL COMPETITION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Leaders are people in groups who have a combination of personality and leadership skills that make others want to follow their lead. There are 5 leadership styles according to the leadership grid, namely defeatist, middle, relaxed and working styles. In the midst of fast-paced advances in science and technology and the digital era, today's leaders must also be able to compete in creating digitally literate leadership. Digital transformation of employees is an effective strategy to maintain quality and excellence. There are still educational leadership in tertiary institutions that have not implemented digital leadership as a form of transformation from faster technological developments. The facts show that there are not a few universities that are on the rise and then suddenly collapse. On the other hand, not a few universities continue to maintain a trend of increasing performance. This phenomenon is closely related to the influence of globalization. Transformative leaders are able to see challenges as opportunities so that technological advances can become opportunities in carrying out digital leadership. There are seven characteristics of digital leadership: responsibility, results, distribution of information, goals and judgment, mistakes and conflicts, change, and innovation. Facing global competition, there are several challenges faced in carrying out educational leadership, namely mastery of digital technology, creating new innovations, increasing human resource qualifications, certification programs, increasing competence and career development.
PRESERVATION OF ANIMAL RIGHT IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE
Islam places great emphasis on the protection and care of animals, as it is a fundamental principle of the religion. Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) himself was known for his love and compassion towards animals, and stressed the importance of treating them with kindness. In fact, the Prophet once narrated a story about a woman who was condemned to hell for mistreating a cat by not providing it with food. This article aims to explore the views of Islamic jurists on animal rights and the responsibilities that humans have to protect and care for them, as a means of upholding the principles of Islam related to animal welfare.